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Rh 1909. The value of products manufactured from mines and quarries in 1916 was, for brick and tile $1,908,537, lime and cement $2,332,- 846. The pig-iron production of Maryland furnaces rose from 290,073 tons in 1900 to 501,452 in 1916, and fell from this point to 244,002 in 1919.

The total value of Maryland manufactures in 1909 was $315,669,- 150 and in 1914 $377,749,078, a sum which placed the state I4th in the Union in value of manufactured goods. Of the amount named $215,171,530 was the product of Baltimore plants alone. In the entire state there were in 1914 131,391 persons engaged in manu- facturing industries, and $293,210,925 invested in capital. Baltimore ranked as sixth city in the number of establishments in operation. In the period 1909-14, the value of Maryland manufactures ad- vanced 19-7 %, and in general the figures indicate an increasing value in manufactured products, as contrasted with a less satis- factory progress in the yield of natural resources. In both 1909 and 1914 the value of the following six industries exceeded $10,000,000 each :

Products

1914

1909

Men's clothing Copper, tin and sheet-iron products Canning and preserving. Lumber and timber products. Foundry and machine products Slaughtering and meat-packing

$39,048,000 25,491,000 18,029,000 1 1 ,9 1 1 ,000 10,659,000 17,100,000

^36,921,000 16,909,000 13,709,000 12,134,000 11,978,000 13,683,000

By 1914 there had been added to this list: cars and general shop construction and repairs, for steam railways, $13,229,000; fertilizers, $13,987,000; printing and publishing, $11,263,000. Since 1914 there has been a large increase in the number of manufacturing establish- ments and in capital invested in manufactures in Baltimore, so that the 57 %, which in that year was the contribution of that city to the value of manufactures in the state, has been increased. Outside of Baltimore, the chief manufacturing centres are the western Mary- land cities, Cumberland and Hagerstown.

Fisheries. In 1908 the value of the Maryland fishery products had fallen from the second place which it occupied in 1897 to fifth place. Recognizing that the decreased output was due to the unregulated stripping of the natural oyster beds, the state by an Act of 1916 created a Conservation Commission charged with the execution of all laws relating to oysters, fish, crabs and game, sup- planting the Shell Fish Commission, the two Fish Commissioners and the state Conservation Bureau, and assuming control and co- ordination of all existing agencies for the furtherance of the fishing industry and game protection of the state. The report of the Shell Fish Commission in 1907 laid down the general principles of oyster culture followed by the Conservation Commission in encouraging the planting and gathering of oysters, the most valuable products of the Maryland waters. The state had faced a steady decline in its oyster industry since the year 1897, when 7,255,000 bus. were taken from Maryland waters. In 1908 the catch had fallen to 6,232,000 bus., and in the season of 19167 to 4,120,819 bus. In the hard winter of 1917-8 an even lower mark was reached, but exceptional conditions account for the poor catch of that year. There is reason to believe that the encouragement given to planting and the enforce- ment of the " cull " law are beginning to have effect, for since the extremely small catch of 1917-8 there has been a steady increase until the highest figure for several years was attained in 1920-1 with a catch of 4,967,433 bus. (figures of April 15, before the close of the season). An ambitious planting programme has been outlined for all the fish products of the state by the Conservation Commission, in addition to its regular scheme by which many millions of fry are released into Maryland waters every year.

Communications. Beginning with the passage of the " Shoe- maker, or State Aid " Act in 1904, the state entered upon a pro- gramme of road construction, the prosecution of which has provided it with one of the best road systems of any state. In 1908 the State Roads Commission was created by the Legislature to construct all state roads and state-aid roads, and as the result of its activities there have been built of both classes 1,585 m. of macadam, concrete and other surfaced roads on the foundations of the once privately owned turnpikes and the connecting county roads.

Education and Religion. The period of 1910-20 was a notable one in the development of the Johns Hopkins University, of Baltimore. In 1920 the Legislature passed an Act merging the university of Maryland (Baltimore) with its schools of law and medicine, and the Maryland State College of Agriculture (College Park, Md.) under the name of the university of Maryland and under the control of a Board of Regents. In secondary education, the future betterment of the school system throughout the state was provided for by the reorganization of the State Board of Education by legislative en- actment of 1916. Industrial and vocational training in the schools have been the subjects of experimentation, but no definite policy has been established with regard to their continuance.

All denominations in Maryland reported 602,587 members in 1916, an increase of 99,870 since 1906. In 1916 the church member- ship was divided among 2,955 organizations, representing more than 60 denominations. The value of church property in the state was $29,162,381. The Roman Catholic church membership (all baptized persons including infants) numbered 219,530. Following in the order named were the Methodist Episcopal (112,853), Protestant Episcopal (38,469), General Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran (33,555), National Baptist Convention, coloured, (29,405), Presby- terian Church in the United States (19,603).

History. A series of Acts passed since 1910 indicate a pro- gressive quality in the administration of the state. These Acts created the Public Service Commission (1910), the State Indus- trial Accident Commission (1914), the Conservation Commission, (1916), the State Board of Prison Control (1916), the State Tax Commission (1914), the State Roads Commission (1908), and the reorganization of the State Board of Education (1916). In 1916 the budget system was adopted and in 1920 a merit system for state employees was put in operation. During the World War, Maryland furnished the following volunteer organ- izations: three regiments of infantry, one battalion of field artillery, one troop of cavalry, four companies of coast artillery, one field hospital, one ambulance company, two battalions of naval militia and one company of negro infantry. With the exception of the coast artillery companies and the coloured com- pany these volunteer organizations became part of the 2gth Div. and the infantry personnel, as the iisth Regt, saw active service on the American front in France. The 3rd Coast Artillery Company, and volunteers from the others, became the ii7th Trench Mortar Battery, and as part of the Rainbow Div. was actively engaged at the front in France for many months. By the selective draft 34,000 men were sent from Maryland. Four great military establishments were located in Maryland during the war: the Aberdeen Proving Grounds, the Edgewood Arsenal, Camp Meade and Camp Holabird. Because of their good loca- tions and convenience to Washington, these establishments have been retained for military purposes by the War Department.

Maryland subscribed to the five Liberty and Victory loans $290,247,200, a sum which exceeded the total of its minimum apportionment by nearly $43,000,000, and was $13,000,000 larger than the total of its maximum apportionment. Maryland was the sixth state to ratify the Prohibition amendment but never ratified the Suffrage amendment. Recent governors have been Austin L. Crothers (Dem.), 1908-12; Phillips Lee Golds- borough (Rep.), 191 2-6; Emerson C. Harrington (Dem.), 1916-20; Albert C. Ritchie (Dem.), 1920-. The latter was elected by only 165 votes over his Republican opponent, polling 112,240 votes to 112,075.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. U.S. Census Reports for 1910 and 1920 ; Maryland Geological Survey, vol. x. (1918); Statistical Abstract of the U.S. (1919); Maryland Manual, 1919-20; Synopsis of Laws Enacted by the State of Maryland (3 parts, 1916, 1918, 1920, compiled by Horace E. Flack, Dept. of Legislative Reference, Baltimore, Md.). Annual Reports of the Conservation Commission of Maryland, 1916-20; The Maryland Almanac for 1921. (L. C. W.) MARZIALS, SIR FRANK THOMAS (1840-1912), British civil servant and man of letters, was born at Lille in France Jan. 13 1840 and educated at a school kept by his father who was a clergyman. He entered the War Office during the Crimean War and became accountant-general in 1898, retiring in 1904. He was knighted that year and became a member of the Patriotic Fund Corporation. He was also vice-president of the London Library. As one of the editors of the Great Writers series, he contributed Lives of Dickens, Victor Hugo and Moliere (1904) and also wrote Death's Disguises and other Sonnets (1889) and translated the Chronicles of Villehardouin and Joinville. He died, at Netting Hill, London, Feb. 14 1912. MASCAGNI, PIETRO (1863- ), Italian composer (see 17.835). His later works include Isabeau (1911) and Parisina (1913)- MASEFIELD, JOHN (1875- ), English poet, playwright and novelist, was born in 1875. His early poems were of the sea (Salt-Water Ballads, 1902; Ballads, 1903, etc.). He also wrote sketches of buccaneers, On the Spanish Main (1906), and two stirring novels, Captain Margaret (1908) and Multitude and Solitude (1909), as well as editing The Voyages of Captain William Dampier. But narrative poetry and drama proved his natural means of expression, as he showed in his poems The Everlasting Mercy (1911); The Widow in the Bye-Street (1912); Dauber