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862 and English Hands (1858), a description of her own work with the navvies. She died in London Dec. 12 1912. MARSHALL, ALFRED (1842- ), English economist (see 17.770), produced a memorandum for the Government on the Fiscal Policy of International Trade in 1908. In 1919 he published Industry and Trade (vol. i., 4th ed. 1921). All his work since the publication of his first book in 1879 was done in conjunction with his wife Mary, daughter of the Rev. Thomas Paley, whom he married in 1877. She was one of the first women students at Cambridge, and was highly commended for her work in the Moral Sciences tripos in 1874. In 1875 she became resident lecturer at Newnham Hall, when it was first opened under Miss A. J. Clough, resigning this post on her marriage. MARSHALL, THOMAS RILEY (1854- ), American politi- cian, was born at North Manchester, Ind., March 14 1854. He was educated at Wabash College (A.B. 1873; A.M. 1876) and was admitted to the bar in 1875. From 1876 to 1909 he practised law in Columbia City, Ind., and from 1909 to 1913 was governor of Indiana. He was nominated for vice-president on the ticket with Woodrow Wilson at the Democratic National Convention in 1912 and was elected. He was again nominated with President Wilson in 1916 and elected for the term 1917-21. For almost two years after the outbreak of the World War he urged strict neutrality, but in 1918 publicly expressed regret for this attitude. In 1919 he welcomed the King and Queen of Belgium on their visit to Washington during the illness of Presi- dent Wilson. He was a strong advocate of the League of Nations, but did not favour woman suffrage. MARSHALL, SIR WILLIAM RAINE (1865- ), British general, was born Oct. 29 1865, and entered the army in 1886. He saw considerable service in the 1897-8 campaign on the N.W. frontier of India and with mounted infantry in the S. African War 1890-1902. He was promoted full colonel in 1908, and in 1912 he obtained command of a battalion in India. Returning with his unit to England soon after the outbreak of the World War he took it over to France, but he was almost immediately recalled to take up command of the 86th Brigade of the 2gth Division in England, and early in 1915 he proceeded with it to the Dardanelles. It took part in the famous landing of April 25 at Helles and saw much hard fighting. Marshall was promoted major-general for distinguished service in June; he was after- wards in temporary command of different divisions in the Galli- poli Peninsula, and at the evacuation of Suvla he was in charge of the beach work. He was then transferred to the 27th Division at Salonika and served there until Sept. 1915, when he was chosen to command an army corps that was being organized in Meso- potamia. In the memorable campaign conducted by Sir F. S. Maude, by which Kut was recovered and Bagdad taken, his corps gradually cleared the right bank of the Tigris to some distance above Kut, and then forced a passage over the river in defiance of the Turks. His troops led the advance to Bagdad, and after its fall in March 1917 he inflicted a number of heavy defeats upon the enemy to the north of the city. On Sir Stanley Maude's death in Nov. 1917 Sir William Marshall who had been given the K.C.B. for his services as a corps commander suc- ceeded to the chief command. During the ensuing cold season he considerably extended the area under the control of his troops, and on favourable weather again setting in a portion of his army virtually annihilated what was left of the Turkish field forces in Mesopotamia at Kala Shergaat, thus bringing the campaign to a triumphant close. In recognition of his great services Marshall had been promoted lieutenant-general, and he now received the G.C.M.G. At the end of 1919 he took up the command of the Southern Army in India. MARYLAND (see 17.827). The pop. in 1920 was 1,449,661, as compared with 1,295,346 in 1910, an increase of 11-9% as opposed to 9% in the previous decade. In 1920 the urban pop. of Maryland (that is, residents of towns of 2,500 inhabitants or more) was 869,422 while the rural pop. was 580,239, or 60% urban instead of 50-8% in IQIO, the first year in which urban exceeded rural. A part of this increase of urban population may be accounted for by the annexation of portions of Baltimore and

Anne Arundel counties to Baltimore city in 1918 (see BALTIMORE) by which the population of Baltimore received more than the normal increase for the decade.

The population of those cities in Maryland having more than 11,000 inhabitants and the percentage of increase for the decade was as follows:

Baltimore .... Cumberland .... Hagerstown .... Annapolis .... Frederick ....

1920

1910

I ncrease per cent.

733, 26

29,837 28,066 11,214 1 1, 066

558,485 21,839 16,507 8,609 10,411

31-4 36-6 70-0 30-3 6-3

The greatest percentage of increase over the preceding census in the case of any of these cities was the 70% (n,559 in number) of Hagerstown, an important railway and manufacturing centre of the Cumberland valley.

Agriculture. In 1910, 48,923 farms occupied 5,057,140 ac. or 79-5 % of the total land area of Maryland, of which acreage 3,354,767 or 66-3 % were improved lands. The slow transition of the state from an agricultural to a manufacturing community is manifested in a comparison of these figures with those for 1920, in which year there were reported 47,908 farms, taking up 4,757,999 ac. or 74-8% of the total land area, and showing 3,136,728 or 65-9% in improved lands. There were 1,015 or 2-1% fewer farms in 1920 than in 1910, a decrease of 5-9 % in total acreage and 6-5 % in the acreage of im- proved land. In the same period in which this decrease in acreage occurred (1910-20), the value of all farm property in the state rose from $286,167,028 to $463,638,120; of the average value of a farm from $5,849 to $9,678. The total farm value in 1920 comprised $386,596,850 in lands and buildings, $28,970,020 in implements and $48,071,250 in live stock. The average number of ac. per farm decreased from 103-4 ' n J9 10 to 99-3 in 1920. The largest single group in the classification by acreage was that of farms having from 100 to 174 ac. each, which represented 23-3 % of the whole number. The average value per ac. of all farm property in 1920 was $97.44 instead of $56.59 as in 1910, and of land alone was $54.62 instead of $32.32. Of the total number of farms, 41,699 were operated by white farmers and 6,209 by coloured farmers, a decrease in the first class of 2 %, in the second class of 2-6%.

Of domestic animals on Maryland farms in 1920, the total value was $43,784,464; of poultry, $4,216,105. The number of horses, 141,341, was 5-5% smaller than in 1910, but the number of mules reported, 32,621, showed an increase of 45-8 %. There were 283,377 cattle on the farms, an increase of 13-9%, and of these 188,537 were reported as dairy cows (including heifers one year old and over), an increase of 21,678 or 13 %. The total farm value of Mary- land dairy products in 1919, excluding products consumed on the farms, was $13,407,526 as against $5,480,900 in 1909, an increase of 144-6%. In spite of the decrease in improved lands in 1919 as compared with 1909, the crop acreage in the former year was 1, 988, 1 20 as opposed to 1,927,254 in the latter. The total value of all crops in 1909 was $40,330,688, a figure which under the increased production brought about by the World War rose to $122,368,000 in 1918 but fell to $109,811,164 in 1919. The leading products in value in 1909 were cereals (Indian corn and wheat), hay and forage, vegetables, fruits and nuts and tobacco. The corn acreage of Mary- land fell from 647,012 in 1909 (value of crop $11,015,298) to 619,265 (value of crop $32,678,769) in 1919. In the same period the wheat acreage rose from 589,893 (value of crop $9,876,480) to 664,295 (value of crop $21,357,568). The acreage of hay and forage showed 662,939 in 1919 as against 398,892 in 1909, while tobacco with an acreage of 28,550 in 1919 as against 26,072 in 1909 showed an increase in value of 292 -6% or the difference between $5,721,164 and $1,457,- 112. Oats, wheat and tobacco showed a decrease in their average yield per ac., while corn, hay and Irish potatoes showed an increase. The total vegetable acreage in 1919 was 165,106, of which 58,083 was in tomatoes; the value of the vegetable crop was $25,371,723. The total small fruit acreage fell from 16,595 in 1 99 ('4> 2 92 in straw- berries) to 8,360 (7,096 in strawberries) in 1919; a less noticeable decrease occurred in the orchard fruit crop.

Minerals and Manufactures. The value of the products of all mines and quarries in Maryland in 1909 was $5,782,045, of which amount $4,483,137, or 77-5 %, represented the value of the products of bituminous coal-fields; $1,075,726 the product of stone-quarries; the small remainder the product of iron-mines, clay-pits and various other relatively unimportant sources. The total operating expense of the mining industries in 1909 was only $775,888 less than the value of the whole product, but the excess of value over cost in the case of bituminous coal was $541,778. Granite, traprock, limestone and slate, in the order named, came after bituminous coal in value of their product. In 1910 there were mined in Maryland 4,658,147 long tons of bituminous coal, an output which declined steadily until it reached 3,690,667 long tons in 1914, when it began to increase, and in 1918 the output was 4,015,444 long tons, a slightly smaller tonnage than in the previous year. The value of the stone-quarries, excluding marble, in 1916 was $934,130 as opposed to $1,075,726 in