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798 stand aside in favour of Mr. Bonar Law. In the years imme- diately following Mr. Long was not very prominent in Parlia- ment, though he took his share in the determined opposition to the Home Rule bill. But he had the respect of all-parties, as the chief representative in public life of old-fashioned conservatism and the " agricultural interest."

With the other Unionist leaders he joined the first Coalition Ministry in 1915, returning to his old post of president of the Local Government Board. In that capacity he carried bills for national registration for suspension of municipal elections, and for restriction of the raising of rent on small houses, and took a leading part in pressing upon the House the military service bills of 1916. In the second Coalition Ministry he was Secretary of State for the Colonies. He had been hitherto a decided oppo- nent of woman suffrage, but he was converted by the services of women during the World War, and in 1917 he introduced in the House of Commons the Franchise bill, which became law in the following year, and under which women over 30 obtained the franchise. When Mr. Lloyd George reconstructed his Min- istry in the beginning of 1919 Mr. Long became First Lord of the Admiralty and had the difficult task of supervising the reduction to a peace basis of the gigantic navy which had been built up during the war. He refused to be rushed into precipi- tate action either by the challenge of the United States and Japan, who both started large schemes of shipbuilding, or by the clamour of the enthusiasts for air-warfare who proclaimed that battleships had become useless, but announced in the Estimates of 1921 a moderate programme of four new battle- ships. For some years his health had been periodically unsatis- factory, and in the spring of 1921 he resigned office. Mr. Bonar Law's breakdown in health occurred immediately afterwards, and Mr. Long heartily supported the election of his old rival, Mr. Austen Chamberlain, to the leadership of the Unionist party in the House of Commons. A few months later he was raised to the House of Lords, amid general approval, as Viscount Long of Wraxall.

He had married in 1878 Lady Doreen Boyle, daughter of the 9th Earl of Cork and Orrery. His elder son, Brig.-Gen. Walter Long, C.M.G., D.S.O., served in the S. African War, and fell in action in France in Jan. 1917 at the head of his brigade.

(G. E. B.) LOREBURN, ROBERT THRESHIE REID, 1ST EARL (1846- ), British lawyer and politician, was born at Corfu April 3 1846, and was educated at Cheltenham and Balliol College, Oxford, where he had a distinguished career, winning the Ire- land scholarship in 1868. He was called to the bar in 1871, and in 1880 entered politics as Liberal member for Hereford. In 1882 he became a Q.C., and having in 1885 lost his seat at Hereford, was returned in 1886 for Dumfries Burghs, retaining the seat until 1905. In 1894 he was for a few months Solicitor- General and was knighted, and during 1894-5 was Attorney- General. From 1899 to 1906 he was counsel to the university of Oxford. On the formation of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman's Government in 1905, Sir Robert Reid became Lord Chancellor, and was raised to the peerage as Baron Loreburn. To him, while Chancellor, the passage of the Court of Criminal Appeal Act (1907) was largely due. In 1912 he resigned on grounds of health. Lord Loreburn was created an earl in July 191 1. He published Capture at Sea (1913) and How the War Came (1919). LORIMER, SIR ROBERT STODART (1864- ), Scottish architect, son of Prof. Lorimer of Edinburgh University, was born at Edinburgh Nov. 4 1864. After an education at the Edinburgh academy, and then at the university, Lorimer entered the office of Sir Rowand Anderson as a pupil, at the age of 21. Here he passed some four or five years, and after travelling in England for study he spent upwards of two years in the London office of G. F. Bodley, R.A. Under his guidance Lorimer's predilec- tion for Gothic work fostered by subsequent travel abroad received the encouragement that fitted him for the church work which, later, played so large a part in his career. In 1893 he returned to Edinburgh to undertake the restoration of Earl- shall, Lewchars and other commissions. This was the beginning of a large series of additions and restorations he was called on to carry out amongst them Dunderaw and Monzie castles and Pilkerro in Scotland; Lympne Castle, Kent; and Barton Hartshorne, Bucks. His domestic work, apart from restorations and alterations, included new houses at Ardinglar, Argyllshire, Cupar, Fife; Hallyburton; Brackenbrough in Cumberland, and St. Marnock's, co. Dublin. Throughout his restoration design there is evident a full acquaintance with, and feeling for, the methods and principles of the earlier builder, without too close and academic an adherence to them. A great opportunity was afforded him in 1909 in his design for the new chapel of the Knights of the Order of the Thistle, on the south side of St. Giles's cathedral, Edinburgh, the chief example of his skill and architectural ability. The large sum of money left by Lord Leven and Melville for the restoration of the chapel at Holyrood Palace it was found impossible to utilize for that purpose, -and on its reversion to the estate his heir, with great generosity, de- voted the amount to the building of a new chapel for the use of the Order, and for this Lorimer was appointed architect. This building, small but highly ornate and enriched with care- fully conceived detail, gave him the opportunity of giving to Scotland a worthy modern example of ecclesiastical woodwork to add to its only existing specimens of any importance the few stalls at Dunblane cathedral, and the woodwork in King's College, Aberdeen. It was in connexion with this fine work that, in 1911, he was knighted. He also designed a large number of churches, and fitted many others with screens, organ-cases, and choir-stalls. In 1920 he was elected Associate of the Royal Academy and in 1921 a member of the Scottish Academy. LOS ANGELES, California (see 17.12), increased in its population more than 80% in the period 1910-20, reaching 576,673, surpassing San Francisco, and changing from sixteenth to tenth place among the cities of the United States. The area of the city increased more than fourfold, being 365-67 sq. m. in 1920. In 1910 Hollywood (4-45 sq. m.), East Hollywood and Ivanhoe (ii-ii sq. m.) were annexed, and in 1912 Arroyo Seco (6-9 sq. m.). In 1915 168 sq. m. of San Fernando Valley and 4 sq. m. of the Palm District was annexed. In 1910 there were 22 parks with 3,800 ac. ; these had increased by 1920 to 25 parks with 4,100 acres. The playground department, established in 1911, main- tained in 1920 12 playgrounds and 34 summer centres at a cost of $207,836. Three summer camps for family outings in the mountains were supported by the municipality. In 1910 builders' permits were granted for buildings valued at $21,684,100; in 1920 the value was $60,023,600. The museum of the Southwest Society of the Archaeological Institute of America began in 1912 its first group of buildings. A new mu- seum was added by a building at Exposition Park.

Los Angeles has maintained its position as a winter resort. During 1910-20 it became predominantly an industrial rather than an agricultural centre, though agriculture, which had hitherto been its chief economic interest, continued to furnish a large share of the city's prosperity. In 1919 the value of all farm products in Los Angeles county was $426,045,843, an amount greater than that for any other county in the United States. The chief products were citrus fruits, valued at $80,- 140,000. There were 13,013 farms in 1920, against 7,919 in 1910.

Communications. In 1912 only half-a-dozen steamship lines were in operation between Los Angeles and other coast ports, with a few lines to Mexico, Central America, and Hawaii. By 1920 direct lines were in operation to the Orient, the Philippines and the Straits Settlements. On Jan. 31 1921 there were 34 marine services reaching more than 100 important ports throughout the world. Steamship travel to and from Los Angeles more than doubled in 1919. The urban and suburban electric railways had in 1920 over 59' m - f single track within the city and 1,095 m. outside its limits, extending to points 72 m. distant.

During 1909-20 the Federal Government spent approximately $6,000,000, and the city of Los Angeles $5,800,000, in improving the harbour, Port San Pedro. The arrangement of U.S. pierhead lines as established in 1920 permitted approximately 24 m. of wharf frontage; 35,283 ft. was already improved, of which the city owned and operated 13,315 ft.

Education. There were in 1920 over 800 public and over 140 private schools and colleges in the city. The value of school property