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Rh JAMES OF HEREFORD, HENRY JAMES, 1ST BARON (1828- 1911), English lawyer and statesman (see 15.144), died at Epsom Aug. 18 1911. JAMESON, SIR LEANDER STARR, BART. (1853-1917), British South African statesman (see 15.147). The union of the South African colonies in 1909 accomplished the main object which Jameson had set before himself as a political leader. He wished to carry the spirit of union further by forming a combination of political parties to support a non-racial Government for the new Union, regarded Gen. Botha as the natural leader of such a combination, and was completely ready to serve under him. This project of a " best man " Government, however, was not accepted by Botha, who thought that the Dutch-speaking people of South Africa were not ready for it. The alternative, to which Jameson then set himself, was the formation of a new party representing the majority of the English-speaking people in the Cape, the Transvaal, the Orange Free State and Natal. At a conference in Bloemfontein in 1910, before the first general elec- tion for the new South African Parliament took place, this project was carried out. Jameson presided over the conference with a patience, a tact and an insight which exhibited once more his remarkable gift for the ruling of men. The programme of the party thus formed known as the Unionist party of South Africa showed his influence in every clause. It repudiated opposition to the Botha Government for the mere sake of opposition, and promised the Prime Minister support in all measures designed to promote racial peace and material prosperity in South Africa. At the first South African general election in Sept. 1910 the Unionists fought on this programme with a considerable measure of success, especially in the Cape and Transvaal provinces. Natal, where the English-speaking people were in a great majority, withheld from Jameson and the Unionists the general support which it might have been expected to give, though the Unionists won a number of seats in that province. For two years Jameson led the Unionists in the South African House of Assembly with great moderation and self-restraint, but was compelled by ill health to retire from the leadership of the party in 1912. He returned to England and settled in London, devoting himself, when his health took a turn for the better, to business interests. He had an intimate knowledge of the affairs of the De Beers Corp. and of the British South African Co., commonly known as the Chartered Co. In June 1913 he became chairman of the Chartered Co., whose general meetings gave him, year by year, till his death in 1917, opportunities of proving in a new sphere his power of exercising a dominating influence over assemblies of men. When the war came in 1914 Jameson devoted himself to public work, leaving to members of the Government the choice of the sphere in which they thought he could be most useful. Meanwhile he had made more than one visit to Rhodesia as chairman of the Chartered Co., and the work which he did on behalf of the territory that he had helped to establish was recognized even by opponents of the policy of the Chartered Co. The war work which the Government chose for him was that of chairman of the Central Prisoners-of-War Committee, to which he devoted himself with all his remaining strength, organizing at the same time more than one private hospital overseas. Jameson's health had been precarious for years, and on Nov. 26 1917 he succumbed to a short illness. His name will stand very high among those of the men who did service to South Africa and Rhodesia. Diffident and utterly free from self-seeking, he was of those who make the least of their service to their country. But his labours for racial reconciliation and material prosperity in South Africa were conspicuous, and the close friendship of Botha was a final proof of the quality of his patriotism. It was, too, the measure of his stature as a man able beyond the recog- nition of most of his contemporaries, honest and plain-speaking, with a deep devotion to the most lofty ideals of public service. Jameson was created a K.C.M.G. on the inauguration of the Union in 1910 and a baronet in 1911. (B. K. L.) JANEWAY, THEODORE CALDWELL (1872-1917), American physician, was born in New York City Nov. 2 1872, the son of Dr. Edward Gamaliel Janeway, a distinguished physician. He was educated at the Sheffield Scientific School, Yale University (Ph.B. 1892) and the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University (M.D. 1895). From 1898 to 1906 he taught medical diagnosis in New York University. In 1907 he became associate in medicine in Columbia and two years later professor of medicine. He was attending physician at St. Luke's Hospital and in 1911 became senior attending physician at the Presbyterian Hospital and head of the medical staff. In 1914 he was called to Johns Hopkins University to succeed Dr. William Osier as professor of medicine, and became physician-in-chief to Johns Hopkins Hospital. After America's entrance into the World War he became major in the Medical Officers' Reserve Corps and was engaged in research in Washington, D.C. He died at Baltimore, Md., Dec. 27 1917. He was secretary of the Russell Sage In- stitute of Pathology, a member of the board of scientific directors of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, and of the editorial board of the Archives of Internal Medicine. He was the author of The Clinical Study of Blood Pressure (1904). JAPAN (see 15.156). The first national census in Japan took place on Oct. 1 1920; prior to that date only the figures prepared by the local registrars and police authorities were available. Table 1 gives the census figures for Japan proper, Formosa and Japanese Sakhalin, together with those obtained for Korea from the local registrars' records. The figures for Japan proper (area, Table I. Population, 1920

JAPAN, Proper. TAIWAN (Formosa). KARAOFUTO (Japanese Sakhalin). CHOSEN (Korea)

Total. ..

Households

Population

Total

11,222,053 690,000

22,087 3,297,285

Male

28,042,995

1,894,141

62,241 8,923,060

Female 27,918,145

1,760,257

43,524 8,361,147

55,961,140 3.654,398

105,765 17,284,207

15,231,425

38,922,437

38,083,073

77,005,510

148,756 sq. m.) show that she ranks sixth in pop. of the coun- tries of the world, the first five being China, India, Russia, the United States and Germany. With regard to the density of pop., Japan (3 76 per sq. m.) ranks third, immediately following Belgium (658) and the Netherlands (536), and above Great Britain (374).

The ratio between men and women of the whole pop. is 100-4 to 100, the number of men being 28,042,995 and that of women 27,918,- 145. The larger number of men is recorded in the district of Tokyo and Hokkaido (112 men to 100 women) and other II prefectures, whilst there are 3 prefectures in which the ratio is balanced and 31 prefectures in which the number of women exceeds that of men, the prefectures of Shiga, Kagoshima, and Okinawa (the Luchu Is.) showing the lowest figures for men (93 men to 100 women). The higher proportion of men is accounted for either by the inclusion of a large city, with its commercial and industrial activities, or of a military barrack or a silver-, copper- or coal-mine. Women are generally found to be more numerous in the provincial districts, for it is oftener men than women who migrate to large cities or even abroad in quest of knowledge or fortune.

Cities and the Country. Table 2 gives the census figures for 16 cities with a pop. numbering more than 100,000 souls. Table 2. Principal Cities, 1920

House- holds

Male

Female

Total

Tokyo

456,820

1,171,180

1,001,982

2.173,162

Osaka.

276,331

673,636

579,336

1,252.972

Kobe.

138,986

324,037

284,591

608,628

Kyoto

128,892

299,689

291,616

591,305

Nagoya

92,426

220,276

209,714

429,990

Yokohama

95,241

224,050

198,892

422,942

Nagasaki

37,036

90,897

85,657

176,554

Hiroshima

34,553

83,337

77,i67

160,504

Hakodate

29,155

75,647

69,093

144,740

Kure.

28,268

73,754

56,600

130,354

Kanazawa

29,287

62,842

66,478

129,320

Sendai

21,861

62,529

56,449

118,978

Otaru.

21,275

56,406

51,707

108,113

Sapporo

20,038

53,oii

49,560

102,571

Kagoshima

19,942

49.191

53,205

102,396

Yawata

22,322

56,373

43,854

100,227

There are 25 cities with a pop. of from 50,000 to 100,000; 34 with from 30,000 to 50,000, and eight with less than 30,000.