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Rh of the dean of engineering of the State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts and two appointive members. Highway legislation in 1919 divided the highways into primary and secondary systems, and arranged for the distribution of Federal and state aid funds for the hard surfacing of primary roads.

The state and local taxes together for the year 1910 amounted to $32,500,045; in 1919 they had increased to $80, 495, 235. The total income of the state alone from all sources for the year ending June 30 1910 was $4,337,528; for the year to June 30 1920, $20,225,742.

History. The history of Iowa in the decade 1910-20 was marked by no economic or political changes of great importance. The state remained predominantly agricultural. Although its manu- factures increased in importance, it was little disturbed by industrial controversies. The supremacy of the Republican party in politics was not seriously questioned. Owing to a split in the Republican party in 1912, the Democratic candidate for president received the electoral vote of Iowa, but the state re- turned to the Republican ranks in 1916, and in 1920 cast an over- whelming vote for Harding for president and for Nathan E. Kendall for governor. Throughout the decade U.S. Senator Albert B. Cummins continued to represent the state. The death of Senator Jonathan P. Dolliver in 1910 caused a vacancy which was filled temporarily by the appointment of Lafayette Young. In 1911 William S. Kenyon was chosen to fill the position and was reflected in 1913 and 1918.

The adjutant-general of the state estimated in 1919 from official sources that nearly 1 10,000 men from Iowa served in the army, navy and marine corps in the World War. The total amount raised in Liberty and Victory loans in Iowa was $508,935,000. In the Third and Fourth Liberty loan campaigns Iowa was the first state in the Union to exceed its quota. Re- publican governors were elected or reflected every two years, incumbents being: Beryl F. Carroll, 1909-13; George W. Clarke, 1913-7; William L. Harding, 1917-21; Nathan E. Kendall, 1921-.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. The Iowa Journal of History and Politics, vols. ix. xviii.; Cole, History of the People of Iowa; Shambaugh, Iowa Applied History Series, vols. i. iii.; Briggs, Social Legislation in Iowa; Pollock, Economic Legislation in Iowa; Gallaher, Legal and Political Status of Women in Iowa; Hansen, Welfare Campaigns in Iowa.

(J. C. P.) IRELAND, JOHN (1838-1918), American Roman Catholic prelate (see 14.742), died at St. Paul, Minn., Sept. 25 1918. He urged full support when America entered the World War, and in May 1917 delivered a patriotic address in St. Paul before some 50,000 people assembled to bid farewell to a large body of recruits on their departure for training. IRELAND, JOHN (1870- ), English musical composer, was born at Bowdon, Cheshire, Aug. 13 1879, the son of Alexander Ireland, editor and proprietor of the Manchester Examiner. He was educated at Dinglewood preparatory school, Colwyn Bay, and Leeds grammar school, and afterwards entered the Royal College of Music. Later he was organist to St. Luke's Church, Chelsea, and obtained the degree of Bachelor of Music at Durham University in 1908. His earliest published work was the Phan- tasy trio for piano and strings (1908), followed by sonatas in D minor and A minor for violin and piano and a second trio in one movement. In 1913 appeared an orchestral work The Forgotten Rite. His other works include Decorations (1914) and Rhapsody (1915) for piano; Four Preludes for pianoforte (1915); a trio in E minor (1917); a piano sonata in E (1919) and a series Entitled London Pieces (1917-20); together with a vast number of songs and much church music. IRELAND (see 14.742). On March 31 1911, the pop. of Ireland amounted to 4,390,219. Since the preceding census the pop. had decreased by 1-7%, the smallest decrease on record. In the preceding decade, Leinster had increased its numbers by 0-8%, while Ulster diminished by 0-1%, Munster by 3-8% and Connaught by 5-6%. The urban pop. (1,470,595) continued to grow at the expense of the rural (2,919,624); Dublin and Kildare were the only counties to show an increase in the decade, while the city of Dublin increased 6-4% to 309,272, Rathmines and Rathgar 17-1% to 38,190, Pembroke 13-4% to 29,260, Belfast 10-4% to 385,492, Cork 0-7% to 76,632, Londonderry 2-3% to 46,799, Limerick 0-7% to 38,403, Waterford 2-5% to 27,430, and Galway, alone of the larger towns, decreased 1-3% to 13,249. The agricultural class fell to 780,867, the industrial to 613,397, an d the domestic to 170,749, while the professional class rose to 141,134, and the commercial to 111,143; 2,572,929 were classed as indefinite and non-productive.

The 1911 census gives the latest definite figures available up to 1921; but the Registrar-General's annual return of births and deaths combined with the emigration statistics, gave an estimated total pop. of Ireland in 1920 at 4,470,000. Table i gives the annual figures.

TABLE i. Vital Statistics

Year

Births'

Deaths

Marriages

Emigrants

1906

103,536

74-427

22,662

35,344

1907

101,742

77,334

22,509

39,082

1908

102,039

76,891

22,734

23,295

1909

102,759

74,973

22,650

28,676

1910

101,963

74,894

22,112

32,457

1911

101,578

72,475

23,473

30,573

1912

101,035

72,187

23,283

29,344

1913

100,094

74,694

22,266

30,967

1914

98,806

71,345

23,695

20,314

1915

95,583

76,151

24,154

10,659

1916

91.437

7i,39i

22,245

7,302

1917

86,370

72,724

21,073

2,111

1918

87,304

78,695

22,570

980

1919

89,325

78,612

27,193

2.975

1920

15-531

Religion. At the census of 1911, Roman Catholics in Ireland numbered 3,238,656 (a decrease of 70,005 in ten years), Protestant Episcopalians 574,489 (5,600 decrease), Presbyterians 439,876 (3,400 decrease), and Methodists 61,806 (200 decrease). Roman Catholics amounted to 83^1 % of the pop. in Dublin city, 71 % in co. Dublin, 25-4% in Belfast, and 33-1 % in N.E. Ulster.

Railways. The total authorized capital of Irish railways on December 31 1919 was 45,354,724, of which the amount raised, including loans and debenture stock, was 44,240,055. The receipts in that year reached 9,392,599 and the expenditure 7, 607, 534, leaving a net revenue of 1,785,065. Ordinary passengers numbered 24,581,699, workmen 3,914,400, season-ticket holders 20,016, and 786,672 were carried free on behalf of the Government. The total mileage run was 20,521,942. The total of merchandise carried was 6,028,110 tons, and live stock 3,991,547.

Agriculture. Table 2 shows the amount of land under the prin- cipal crops, and their estimated yield for the year 1920. The number of acres under flax in the year 1919 was 95,610, producing 13,720 tons. The hay crop for the same year was estimated at 4,809,645 tons taken from 2,520,096 acres. The hay crop for 1920 was es- timated at 5,547,271 tons.

TABLE 2. Crops, 1920

Extent in acres

Estimated Yield, cwts.

Wheat. Oats. . Barley. Rye ... Turnips Mangels Cabbage Potatoes

50,252 1,332,050 206,888 5,580 276,507 77,447 28,409 58;.3i6

751,333 18,682,309 3,225,700 67,812 82,149,240 24,910,140 6,352,260 39,718,200

Table 3 shows the number and size of holdings in Ireland in 1918. TABLE 3. Agricultural Holdings, 1918

Size

Leinst'r

Munst'r

Ulster

Conn't

Ireland

I ac. .

38,809

33,403

33,895

8,717

114,824

5 ...

12,752

9,327

15,964

8,302

46,345

10 ...

10,317

7,983

27,480

18,747

64,527

15 ...

8,162

6,870

24,819

19,411

59,262

30 ..

17,906

20,072

48,496

36,498

122,972

50 ...

13,224

20,486

24,683

14,594

72,987

100

13,132

22,374

15,540

6,629

57,675

2OO

6,929

9,885

4, 1 23

2,338

23,275

500 ...

2,947

2,897

I.H5

1,161

8,150

657

472

322

517

1,968

Total No. of Holdings

124.835

133. 769

196,467

116.914

571,985

The figures in Table 3 are not comparable with those published for years prior to 1910. In many cases farms in Ireland extend into two or more townlands, and in former years that portion of a farm in each townland was enumerated as a separate holding. The total number of holdings published was therefore somewhat too large. A change was made in the method of enumeration in 1910.