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424 ranked 8th in the production of barley and rye, producing 3-45 % of the barley and 4-66 % of the rye grown in the United States. In live stock Illinois, Jan. I 1920, with 1,060,000 milch cows, ranked 7th among the states; and in other cattle, numbering 1,290,000, ranked I3th. On the same date she ranked 1 8th in number of sheep, with 1,010,000 of the 48,615,000 in the United States. In swine she ranked second only to Iowa, having 5,323,000, a little over 7 % of the total for the nation. In total value of cattle, sheep, and hogs on farms Jan. I 1920, $294,000,000, she fell below Iowa, Texas and Wis- consin only. In value of the 1,422,000 horses and 147,000 mules on her farms on Jan. I 1920 she was second only to Texas.

Manufactures. In value of manufactures Illinois since 1893 has ranked third, being exceeded only by New York and Pennsylvania. In 1914 the total value of her manufactured products was $2,247,- 322,819 and the value added by manufacture $907,139,412. Manu- factures employed 506,943 wage-earners, working in 18,388 establish- ments. There were 124 distinct industries reporting products yearly in excess of $i ,000,000 each. The 25 exceeding $20,000,000 ranged as follows:

production, with 86,000,000 tons valued at $162,281,822, she was exceeded only by Pennsylvania and West Virginia.

Communications. For transportation Illinois mainly relies on its steam railways. With 12,140 m. of main line she was in 1914 second only to Texas. For over 30 years little new main line has been built. The important extension has been in double-tracking and improvement of the right-of-way and terminals. The field of passenger and light freight and coal transport since 1900 has been invaded by electric lines, which by 1916 operated 2,415 m. of main track. The Illinois Traction System operates a ramification of electric lines crossing the state from Danville to East St. Louis and radiating through central Illinois; on certain runs it operates sleeping and parlour cars. Illinois' most important water transportation system is that of the Great Lakes. Receipts of grain at Chicago by lake have steadily declined of late years, though the lakes are still the usual route for shipment of wheat to eastern points. Flour shipments by lake are comparatively insignificant, an important fact in view of the increasing quantity of grain milled at Chicago. Iron ore still comes to Chicago and South Chicago by boat. Other

MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS, ILLINOIS, 1914

Number of Establishments

Average Number of Wage- earners

Value of Products

Value Added by Manufacture

Slaughtering and meat-packing Foundry and machine-shop products

98 1,371

2,722

31-627 55,261

32,838

$489,230,324 141,328,624

1 12.833.427

$77,215,741 80,722,363

7O 555 8l2

Clothing, men's, including shirts

604

73

35,"9 10,51:6

89,144,448 65,337.663

47,833,982 32,460,102

Iron and steel, steel-works and rolling-mills Cars, steam-railway, not including operations of railway companies.

25 23

7

15,408 18,000

855

64,995,121 61,315-638 5 1. 5Q6.O22

25,057-057 20,886,871

42.080. 814

Flour-mill and grist-mill products Electrical machinery, apparatus and supplies Bread and other bakery products Lumber and timber products Cars and general shop construction and repairs by steam-railway companies

406 142 2,278 618

94

89

2,398 16,483 10,404 14,870 28,682 5,740

49,493,224 45,667,456 45,250,060 42,064,008 41,496,130 30.435.OQ5

6,652,317 26,288,292 21,611,189

17-939,874 23,177,666

20.020.583

Furniture and refrigerators Gas, illuminating and heating

283

75 i 622

13.766 ' 3^90

7 6^"*

32,999,567 28,I7O,56O

26 O^6 72Q

17,286,793 20,135,071

15 982 887

Iron and steel, blast furnaces Copper, tin and sheet-iron products

5 508

72

1,450

7,445

2, HO

25,861,528 24,815,389 2A, 488,4.4.0

4,067,381 10,990,536

O.OII.Q5I

147

^.OOO

22.1 ^S.^Q

10 043 926

Coffee and spice, roasting and grinding Butter, cheese and condensed milk

34 267 27

1,193

1,755

2.144.

22,044,588 21,792,220 21.4.20.0^

4,950,998 3,556,588

6.167.14.2

Clothing, women's

241

8,113

20,750,550

9,531,354

In four of these industries slaughtering, agricultural implements, distilled liquors and railway cars Illinois in 1914 ranked first among the states. In the relative importance of the industries in Illinois there have undoubtedly been great changes since 1914. War-time demands had far-reaching effects ; and prohibition greatly curtailed the output of distilled liquors, firms engaged in their manufacture often turning to some related line such as the produc- tion of alcohol for industrial purposes. The tendency in manufac- turing is toward large-scale production and corporate ownership. In 1914 the 32-6% of manufacturing establishments that were corporations produced 90 % of all manufactured products. Of the 18,388 establishments in the state in the same year, the 336 producing $1,000,000 or over turned out 59-7% of products. Of the mergers during the boom period 1902-3 those in harvesting machinery and iron and steel have endured; but the National Packing Co., made up of three great Chicago packing-houses, was dissolved in 1912. Chicago, with its t ibutary manufacturing sub- urbs of Maywood, Harvey, Cicero, Blue Island, Chicago Heights, and in Indiana Hammond and Gary, is the greatest manufacturing centre of the state. A lesser manufacturing centre has grown up in the net of railways that centres at St. Louis in the cities of Alton, Belleville, East St. Louis, Collinsville, Granite City and Edwards- ville. A third centre is formed by Moline and Rock Island with Davenport, la. Peoria and Joliet were second and third to Chicago in value of products in 1914. Of manufactures at these various points, those of Chicago, as might be supposed, are completely diversified. The same is usually true of the smaller cities, though a few are noted for special products. Thus Rockford is best known for its furniture manufactures, Elgin and Springfield for watches, Mo- line for automobiles and farm implements, Kewanee for boilers and steam tools, Peoria for distilled products, and Aurora for railway repair, and foundry and machine-shop products.

Minerals. In mining and allied interests Illinois occupies an im- portant position. Her petroleum production in 1917 was 15,776,860 bar., valued at $31,300,000. In this field she was 5th, being ex- ceeded by Oklahoma, California, Kansas and Texas. In coal

water transportation in Illinois is comparatively insignificant. Trade on the Ohio is small ; on the Mississippi negligible. The Hennepin canal, completed in 1907 to connect the Illinois and the Rock rivers, is unused. The Illinois and Michigan canal, though exercising a restraining effect on freight rates, has steadily declined in usefulness for the last 30 years and has not paid expenses of opera- tion and maintenance for more than 40 years. The Chicago sani- tary and ship canal, opened in 1900 as far as Lockport, has had a little more traffic. The improvement of Illinois roads has of late years engaged attention. A state highway commission was created in 1905 to investigate the subject, various laws facilitating local road improvement were passed, and in 1914 state appropriations for hard roads were made from the proceeds of automobile licence fees. Actual construction was begun in 1914. Road-building has continued, certain counties, such as Vermilion and Cook, making bond issues and constructing hard-road systems of their own. Acts of Congress of 1916 and 1919, apportioning Federal aid in behalf of roads, allotted to Illinois $3,300,000 and $8,700,000 respectively. The question of issuing $60,000,000 in bonds based on automobile licence fees for the construction of 4,800 m. of hard roads was submitted to the voters of the state in Nov. 1918 and approved by them, and work has begun on Federal aid and bond issue.

Banking.. The northern part of Illinois lies in the 7th Federal Reserve District and the southern part in the 8th, with headquarters respectively at Chicago and St. Louis. In 1919 there were 472 national banks in Illinois with aggregate capital of $79,415,000, surplus of $57,632,000 and total assets of $1,587,634,000; $845,- 925,000 of this was located in Chicago, where one bank had a capital of $21,000,000 and another $10,000,000. Side by side with the national banks was a system of state banks created by the Act of 1887 and operating under the supervision of the auditor of public accounts. The minimum capital required was $25,000 in towns of less than 5,000 inhabitants and $50,000 in larger ones. In 1920 there were 1,018 state banks with total capital of $116,879,205 and total resources of $1,861,466,834.23. Besides these there have been many private banks under no supervision. Their numbec has been