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Rh paratively few in number, and on the whole the organization within each department is under the control of the commissioner. This consolidated form of government concentrates authority in the hands of the governor to a marked degree. The law pro- vides a budget system for the state, to be prepared by the Commissioner of Finance.

There were in 1920 45 counties in the state. During the 1921 session of the Legislature an effort was made to secure favourable action on a resolution to divide the state and to permit the crea- tion out of northern Idaho, with eastern Washington and possibly part of western Montana, of a new state of Lincoln, should Con- gress permit the admission of the same to the Union. There was considerable agitation for this step.

Education. In 1917-8 there were 131,845 pupils enrolled in the common schools of the state, as compared with 62,728 in 1905-6. The school buildings were rapidly increasing in number and in qual- ity. In 1918 there were 1,703 school-houses valued at $9,591,609. The law permits the formation of consolidated school districts, of which there were 17 in 1918. The state university comprised in 1920 four colleges: Letters and Sciences, Agriculture, Engineering, and Law ; and three schools : Forestry, Mines, and Education. The total enrolment was over a thousand. In 19178 the state normal school at Lewiston had an enrolment of 507; the state normal school at Albion, 403; the technical institute at Pocatello,

Finance. -The total state tax levy for 1919 amounted to $3,795,- 059 on an assessed valuation of $486,759,104. The total expendi- tures in the same year for cost of government amounted to $3,405,- 929. The Financial Statistics of States, issued by the U.S. Census Bureau, gave a total net debt at the end of 1919 of $2,403,218. The outstanding bonds and interest-bearing warrants carried interest at 4-5, 5 and 6%.

History. In the World War Idaho furnished 19,016 men, representing 26 to 30% of the total number of men examined for military service. Men from Idaho made part of the 4ist National Guard Division and the gist National Army Division. The 4ist landed in France in Dec. 1917 and the gist in July 1918. The gist, though it spent but 14 days in active sectors, gained a total of 34 km., or 4-35% of the total ground gained against the enemy. There were 1,390 battle deaths in the gist and 5,106 wounded. Idaho over-subscribed each of its Liberty Loan quotas. The governors of the state were: James H. Brady, Republican, 1909-11; James H. Hawley, Democrat, ign-3; John M. Haines, Republican, igi3-s; Moses Alexander, Democrat, 1915-9; D. W. Davis, Republican, 1919-

BIBLIOGRAPHY For the early history and exploration of Idaho, see Dale, The Ashley-Smith Explorations and the Discovery of a Central Route to the Pacific, 18221829. There are several histories of Idaho: Brosnan, History of the State of Idaho (1918); Hailey, Historyof Idaho (1910) ; McConnell, Early History of Idaho (1913). Of the state publications the biennial reports of the Commissioner of Finance, the Board of Education and the Mine Inspector are among the most important. On mining developments the bulletins issued by the state School of Mines (Bureau of Mines) are also valuable. (H. C. D.) IDRISI (SEYYID MOHAMMED EL IDRISI), Arab chief, b. 1876 at Sabia, was a grandson of Seyyid Ahmed el Idrisi, a native of Fez, who was head of a religious fraternity or tariqa at Mecca and who acquired land at Sabia, settled there and died in 1837. The descendants of Seyyid Ahmed appear to have increased in wealth and influence and to have gradually supplanted the ruling sherifial family of Abu 'Arish. Seyyid Mohammed was educated partlj' at El Azhar University and partly by the Senussi at Kufra, and subsequently resided for a time in the Sudan, at Argo. On his return to Asir, his one ambition was to render that district independent of the Turk. By able administration he gradually expanded his political power to include Mikhlaf el Yemen and a large part of the Tihama, with control over several tribes outside these limits. He threw in his lot with the Allies in the World War, and was the inexorable foe of the Imam of Yemen (see ARABIA). ILKESTON, BALTHAZAR WALTER FOSTER, 1ST BARON (1840-1913), British physician and politician, was born at Cambridge July 17 1840. He was educated at Drogheda and Trinity College, Dublin, where he studied medicine. He after- wards (1860) became medical tutor and professor of practical anatomy at Queen's College, Birmingham, was professor of anatomy there 1864-5, an d professor of materia medica at Sydenham College, Birmingham, from 1865 to 1868. In the latter year the two colleges amalgamated, and he then became professor of medicine, and in 1892 was appointed emeritus professor of medicine. In 1886 he was knighted. In 1885 he had successfully contested Chester as a Liberal, but lost the seat in 1886; in 1887, however, he was elected for the Ilkeston division of Derby, which he retained until igio. From 1892 to 1895 he was parliamentary secretary to the Local Government Board, and in 1906 was sworn of the Privy Council. The same year he received the gold medal of the British Medical Association. He was made a peer in 1910, and died in London Jan. 31 1913. He published various medical works, including The Use of the Sphygmograph in Heart Diseases (1866); Method and Medicine (1870); Clinical Medicine (1874); Political Powerlessness of the Medical Profession (1883) and Public Aspects of Medicine (1890). ILLINOIS (see 14.304). The pop. by the ig2O census was 6,485,280, as compared with 5,638,591 in igio and 4,821,550 in 1900. The rate of increase 1910-20 was 15%, as against i4-g% for the whole United States and as against i6-g% for the state in the preceding decade. The increase of 1910-20 was urban, rural pop. continuing to decline. In 1900 the percentage of urban pop. in towns and cities of 2, 500 or over was 54-3%; in igio 61-7%; in ig2o 67-g%; 35-2% of the total pop. in igoo, 38-8% in igio, and 41-7% in ig2o was in Chicago. In 1920 52-5% of the state's pop. was in cities greater than 25,000. Population in villages of less than 2, 500 declined from 12-6% in igooto 12% in igioand 10-5% in ig2o. Purely rural pop. fell from 33-2% in igoo to 26-4% in igio and 21-6% in 1920. The rapid growth of towns of 25,000 to 100,000 is significant, their gain in the decade being 29-2%. Population of Cities of over 25,000.

City

Population 1920

Population 1910

Increase per cent

Aurora

36,397

29,807

22-1

Bloomington

28,725

25,768

"5

Chicago

2,701,705

2,185,283

23-6

Cicero town

44.995

14,557

209-1

Danville

33-776

27,871

21-2

Decatur

43,818

31,14

40-7

East St. Louis.

66,767

58,547

14-0

Elgin ....

27,454

25,976

5-7

Evanston.

37-234

24,978

49-1

Joliet ....

38-442

34-670

10-9

Moline

30-734

24.199

27-0

Oak Park village

39,858

19,444

105-0

Peoria

76,121

66,950

13-7

Quincy

35-978

36,587

-1-7

Rock Island

35-177

24-335

44-6

Rockford.

65,651

45,401

44-6

Springfield

59-183

51,678

14-5

Agriculture. While the census of manufactures of 1914 showed Illinois to be an industrial rather than an agricultural state, the value added to her manufactured products by manufacture making a total of $907,139,412 as against a value for agricultural products of $586,517,053 for 1910, there has been no absolute decline in her agriculture. True, the population gainfully engaged in agriculture fell from 32 % of all employed in 1 890 to 19 % in 1910 ; but the average annual value of field crops grew from $129,890,293 for 1895-9 to $518,227,210 for 1915-7. One cause, other than higher prices, for this increase, in the face of a decreased number of farm labourers, appears in the increased efficiency and utilization of farm machinery; from 1890 to 1910, in spite of price reductions, the value of implements on farms increased from $34,456,938 to $73,724,074. The machine replaced the man. The cereals are still Illinois' main crop, and maize is the leading cereal. The crop of 1917, 418,000,000 bus., grown on 11,000,000 ac., was the largest. In 1918 and 1919 crop and acreage decreased, the 1919 crop being 301,000,000 bus. grown on 8,600,000 ac. That Illinois in these last two years ranked second to Iowa for the first time since 1890 was due to her turning her efforts to war-time wheat production. First in the Union in wheat production in 1889, she had fallen in 1900 to 14th place, but from a product of 30,850,000 bus. grown on 1,650,000 ac. in 1917, she rose to 60,991,000 bus. grown on 2,774,000 ac. in 1918, and in 1919 to 65,675,000 bus. grown on 4,184,000 ac., an achievement which placed her second only to Kansas. In oats her production declined steadily from the high-water mark of 1900, 164.909,129 bus., until the outbreak of the World War. In 1917 she produced 239,200,000 bus., which had fallen off by 1919 to 123,060,000 bus. from an acreage slightly larger than that of 1900. Since 1917 Illinois has been second only to Iowa in the production of this crop. In 1919 she