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342 HAVERFIELD, EVELINA (1867-1920), English war hospital worker, daughter of the 3rd Baron Abinger, was born Aug. 9 1867. She married Maj. Haverfield, R.A., in 1887, and en second.es noces Gen. Balguy in 1899. A keen sportswoman, she collected abandoned troop horses on the veldt during the Boer War and nursed them back to good condition. She was among the first London women-suffragists to be sentenced to imprisonment and organized a branch of the Women's Social and Political Union. She was one of the original members of the Women's Emergency Corps in Aug. 1914, founded and organized the Women's Volunteer Reserve, and was commandant-in-chief of the Women's Reserve Ambulance (Green Cross Corps). In April 1915 she went to Serbia as administrator of the Scottish Women's hospital unit at Valjevo, and remained with Dr. Elsie Inglis working for the Serbs as prisoners of the enemy from Nov. to Feb. 1916. In Aug. 1916 she went to Russia in charge of the transport column of Dr. Inglis's unit. On her return in Nov. 1917 she organized a comforts fund for the Serbian army, which became a fund for disabled men and their dependents after the Armistice. In Aug. 1919 she went to Serbia as hon. sec. of this fund and as commissioner for the Serbian Red Cross Society in Great Britain. At her instigation her friends at home raised another fund for Serbian children, with which she established an orphanage at Baiyna Bachta, on the borders of Bosnia, and there she succumbed to pneumonia brought on by fatigue and exposure March 21 1920. She received the Order of St. Sava, classes IV. and V., St. George's medal for bravery under fire, and a Russian medal, class II., for meritorious service. The Order of the White Eagle was posthumously bestowed. HAVERFIELD, FRANCIS JOHN (1860-1919), English historian and archaeologist, was born at Shipston-on-Stour Nov. 8 1860. He was educated at Winchester and New College, Oxford, and after some years as a schoolmaster was appointed tutor of Christ Church, Oxford, in 1891, and official student in 1893. He became a great authority on the history and antiquities of Roman Britain and was entrusted by Mommsen with the editing of the British section of the Corpus Inscriplionum (see 18.683). In 1907 he was elected Camden professor of ancient history at Oxford. He was a fellow of the British Academy and a member of the Royal Commission on Ancient Monuments, England; he was also first president of the Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies. He died at Oxford Sept. i 1919. Amongst his publications were The Romanization of Roman Britain (3rd ed. 1915); Ancient Town Planning (1913) and many monographs on Roman history. HAWAII (see 13.83). In 1920 the pop., exclusive of military and naval forces, was 255,912, an increase of 64,003, or 33-4%, over that of 1910. It was distributed by race as follows: Hawai- ian, 23,723; part-Hawaiian, 18,027; Portuguese, 27,002; Porto Rican, 5,602; Spanish, 2,430; other Caucasian, mostly American, 19,708; Japanese, 109,274; Chinese, 23,507; Filipino, 21,031; Korean, 4,950; Negro, 348; all others, 310. The distribution by islands was as follows: Oahu, 123,496; Hawaii, 64,895; Maui, 36,080; Kauai, 29,247; Molokai, 1,784; Niihau, 191; Lanai, 185; Midway, 31; Kahoolawe, 3. The pop. of Honolulu, the capital, was 83,327, an increase of 59-7% over that of 1910. That of the second city in size, Hilo, was 10,431.

Males numbered 151,146, or 59-1%, and females 104,766, or 40-9%, the corresponding percentages in 1910 being 64-1 and 35-9. The excess of males is chiefly among adults, but since the cessation of Japanese, Chinese and Korean labour immigration there has been a constant tendency towards normal sex and age ratios. The Hawaiians continue to decrease, but at a diminishing rate. The decrease for 1910-20 was 2,318, or 8-9%, as compared with a de- crease of 3,746, or 12-58%, for 1900-10. The part- Hawaiians, however, are increasing more rapidly than the Hawaiians are de- creasing. Their increase for the last decade was 5,521, or 44-15%, and for the preceding decade, 4,658, or 59-35%. The death-rate of Hawaiians and the birth-rate of part-Hawaiians are the greatest among all races. The Hawaiians apparently are destined to disappear through intermarriage with other races rather than by deaths. They intermarry chiefly with Caucasians and Chinese. Each of these crosses, especially the latter, produces a good stock. The Japanese and Koreans are the extremists in preserving racial solidarity.

Immigration has been occasioned chiefly by the rapid growth of industries since 1875. Much of it has been of assisted Latin and Oriental unskilled labourers. Many of these, under improved con-

ditions, become sooner or later skilled labourers, and their children, with the advantages of education, seldom engage as unskilled la- bourers. Hence the constant need of replenishing the supply. The last immigration assisted by the Government was in 1906-12, and consisted of 5,288 Spanish, 4,962 Portuguese and 2,056 Russians. Since then the only assisted immigration has been of Filipinos, introduced by the sugar producers. The number of these in the territory increased from 2,318 in 1910 to 21,031 in 1920. The increase in population, apart from this assisted Filipino immigration and a small but steady unassisted Anglo-Saxon immigration, is now mainly through births. There has been some emigration of Portuguese, Spanish, Filipinos, Russians and Japanese to California. Chinese immigration, restricted previously, has been prohibited since 1898; the Chinese decreased from 25,762 in 1900 to 21,674 in 1910, but increased to 23,507 in 1920, indicating that this race has now established itself on a basis of natural increase, notwith- standing the abnormally small number of Chinese women and the tendency of Chinese men to intermarry with Hawaiian women. Japanese arrivals have exceeded departures since the " gentlemen's agreement " of 1907 between the United States and Japan, but the arrivals have been in large part women unknown to their future hus- bands, the so-called " picture brides," and not only has the largest increase in any race in recent years been of Japanese through births, but this race now constitutes by far the largest element in the population. Their increase in 1910-20 was 29,599, or 37-15%, as compared with 18,559, or 30-37%, for the preceding decade. For the year ended June 30 1920 Japanese births numbered 4,963, and deaths 1,596, as compared with 5,202 births and 2,968 deaths for all other races. The rapid increase in the number of Japanese who are native born and therefore American citizens presents the most important problem for the future. Comparatively few of these have yet arrived at voting age. The increase in Portuguese was 4,701 for the last decade and 6,628 for the preceding decade. The in- crease in Caucasians other than Latins, and exclusive of military and naval forces, was 4,841 for 1910-20 and 4,290 for 1900-10. These were mainly Americans, but with a considerable British element, and in 1921 they constituted the dominant element in the social and in- dustrial life of Hawaii.

Industries and Commerce. The remarkable prosperity which Hawaii enjoyed previous to 1910 continued during the decade 1910-20. The number of banks increased from II in 1910 to 26 in 1920, and their deposits from $13,324,305.54 to $52,783,114.04. The assessed value of taxable property increased from $150,268,467 to $287,006,792; exports increased from $47,029,631 to $145,831,074, and imports from $26,152,435 to $68,876,094. Trade is chiefly with the mainland of the United States, $142,246,003 of the exports, and $59,261,621 of the imports in 1920; while $3,585,071 of the exports and $9,614,473 of the imports were with foreign countries. The ex- ports named in order of value comprised sugar, $1 18,998,848, canned pineapples, $18,869,449, fruits and nuts, coffee, molasses, hides, canned fish, rice, honey, wood, sisal and tallow. The imports from the United States comprised a wide range of articles while those from foreign countries were in large part food supplies from Japan, bags from India and nitrates from Chile. The sugar industry continues .to be by far the largest. It grew rapidly until 1911, but since then comparatively little land has been available for further expansion. The largest crop, that of the crop year ending Sept. 30, 1915, amounted to 646,445 short tons. This industry is conducted mostly on a large scale by corporations, which own the mills and raise on land owned or leased by them most of the cane they grind. The capital stock is widely distributed. The yield per acre is larger than in any other country, about five tons of sugar per acre on the average, the irrigated land yielding about 70% more per acre than the unirrigated. On some fields a new variety of cane is yielding 12^ tons of sugar per acre. About half the acreage is irrigated by con- duits from mountain streams, storage reservoirs and pumping from artesian and surface wells. The most recently constructed large irrigated project, completed in 1916, consists of about 25 m. of concrete-lined tunnels and ditches and steel pipe 6 ft. in diameter, the longest tunnel extending 2-76 m., for conducting water from the rainy windward to the arid leeward side of the island of Oahu. The employees, of many nationalities, on the sugar plantations number about 45,000. These, besides receiving house, fuel, water and medical attendance free, are paid a monthly basic wage and a bonus which varies with the price of sugar. In 1920 the minimum monthly basic wage that is, for the lowest class of labour was $20, and the bonus, extraordinarily large, was 276% of the wages. For 1921 the mini- mum monthly basic wage was $30. Much has been done to improve the living conditions of employees by replacing tenements with cottages and garden space, providing hospitals, entertainment halls and motion-pictures, playgrounds, kindergartens, social-service workers, and by improving sanitary conditions generally.

The canned pineapple industry has had a remarkable growth. It is an industry of the present century. During the first decade the pack increased from practically nothing to 544,968 cases per year, while during the second decade it increased to 5,978,064 cases, or I 43473t536 two-pound cans, valued at approximately $31,000,000, for 1920. One of the factories is the largest fruit cannery in the world and has attained a maximum output of 777,37' cans in a day. About 46,000 ac. of land are devoted to this industry.