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332 AAG, CARL (1820-1915), British painter (see 12.780*), died at Rother Thurm, Oberwesel, Jan. 17 1915. HAASE, FRIEDRICH (1827-1911), German actor (see 12.782), died in Berlin March 17 1911. HAASE, HUGO (1863-1919), German Independent Socialist leader, and one of the commission of six who conducted the Government of the German Reich in the name of the people immediately after the revolution of Nov. 1918, was born in 1863 at AUenstein in East Prussia. At the outbreak of the World War he was parliamentary leader of the Social Democratic party in the Reichstag, but in 1916 he seceded with the Independent Socialists, who refused to vote the estimate and war credits, and became their leader. In this capacity he exercised a moderating influence upon the extreme section of the Independents, who at a later date (1920) joined the Communists. Haase died on Nov. 7 1919 from wounds received in an attempt upon his life while he was entering the Reichstag building. HACKER, ARTHUR (1858-1919), English painter, was born in London Sept. 25 1858, the son of Edward Hacker, a line engraver. He became a student at the Royal Academy schools in 1876, and from 1880-1 worked at the atelier Bonnat, Paris, subsequently travelling widely both in Europe and in North Africa. The best known of his paintings are " Her Daughter's Legacy," " The Mother," and " The Cloud," while his " Annunciation " (1892) was bought by the Chantrey trustees. He became A.R.A. in 1894 and R.A. in 1910. Hacker also became well known as a portrait painter. He died in London Nov. 12 1919. HADFIELD, SIR ROBERT ABBOTT, 1st BART. (1859- ), British metallurgist, was born at Sheffield Nov. 29 1859, and was educated at Sheffield collegiate school. At an early age he interested himself in metallurgy, and in particular carried out much research on the manufacture of steel. In 1883 he patented his process for fhe production of manganese steel (see 14.809), the first important known substance to combine great hardness with great malleability. From this time he became famous as the inventor or improver of various metallurgical processes. He was the inventor of low hysteresis steel, and also produced the " Era " steel for use in armour-plating, besides many special alloys. He became a member of many scientific committees, and was president of the Sheffield Metallurgical Society (1894-5), of the Iron and Steel Institute (1905-7), and of the Society of British Gas Industries (1917-8), besides being master cutler of Sheffield from 1899 to 1900. In 1908 he was knighted, and the following year became F.R.S. Sir Robert Hadfield received many honours from scientific and learned societies, including the Howard prize (1908), the Bessemer gold medal (1904), the Elliott Cresson gold medal (1910) and the John Fritz medal (1921) from various American societies. He was created a baronet in 191 7. HADLEY, ARTHUR TWINING (1856- ), American econ- omist and educationist, was elected a director of the New York, New Haven & Hartford railway in 1913. In 1914 he lectured at the university of Oxford on "institutions of the United States." In 1915 he evoked considerable discussion in America by declaring that young men who looked forward to a political career should have private means so as to avoid pecuniary temptations. In 1915 he endorsed college military camps and favoured count- ing military training for a degree. In 1920 he resigned as presi- dent of Yale University. The same year he was elected a di- rector of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railway. HADOW, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1859- ), English scholar and musician, was born at Ebrington, Glos., Dec. 27 1859. He was educated at Malvern and Worcester College, Oxford, and after taking his degree remained at Oxford as a tutor and fellow of his college. In 1909 he became principal of Armstrong College, Newcastle, retaining this post until 1919, when he became vice- chancellor of Sheffield University. He was in 1918 appointed assistant director of education for the troops by the War Office, and also worked for the Y.M.C.A. He was knighted in 1918.

Sir Henry Hadow is well known as a great authority on the his- tory of music, and also composed many songs and pianoforte pieces, besides the incidental music to Robert Bridges' Demeter (1905). He published Studies in Modern Music (1894 and 1895); Sonata Form (1896); A Croatian Composer (1897); a valuable tract on Haydn and the source of many of his melodies and the section The Viennese Period (1904) in the Oxford History of Music, of which he was the editor. HAECKEL, ERNST HEINRICH (1834-1919), German biologist (see 12.803), died at Jena Aug. 8 1919. HAGENBECK, CARL (1844-1913), German wild-animal col- lector (see 12.814), died at Hamburg April 14 1913. HAGGARD, SIR HENRY RIDER (1856- ), English novelist (see 12.816), was knighted in 1912. In the same year he was appointed a member of the royal commission to inquire into the natural resources and the improvement of the trade of the British Empire. He took a keen interest in the after- war settle- ment of ex-service men, and in 1916 visited the overseas domin- ions in that connexion. He was created K.B.E. in 1919. Among his later novels are Child of Storm (1913) ; The Ivory Child (1916) ; Love Eternal (1918); The Ancient Allan (1920). HAIG, DOUGLAS HAIG, 1ST EARL (1861- ), British field-marshal, was born at Edinburgh on June 19 1861, son of John Haig of Cameronbridge, Fife. He was educated at Clifton and Brasenose College, Oxford, and in 1885 joined the 7th Hussars. He was promoted captain in 1891, afterwards passed through the Staff College, and was employed with the Egyptian army in 1898 during the Nile campaign, for which he was given a brevet majority. On the outbreak of hostilities in S. Africa in 1899, he went out to Natal on the staff and was present during the opening engagements near Ladysmith. He was afterwards chief staff officer of the cavalry division during Lord Roberts' victorious advance from Cape Colony through the Orange Free State into the Transvaal, and was promoted brevet lieutenant-colonel for his services. In the later phases of the struggle he was in command of a column and later was controlling groups of columns; at the close of the war he was appointed A.D.C. to the King, promoted brevet-colonel, and given the C.B.

Col. Haig subsequently commanded the i7th Lancers for a year, after which he went out to India as inspector-general of cavalry; this appointment he held until 1906, having been promoted major-general in 1905, in which year he married the Hon. Dorothy Vivian, daughter of the 3rd Lord Vivian. From 1906-9 he was a director in the War Office, and during this time he was intimately concerned in the development of the general staff and the improvements effected in the organization of the army, which were set on foot while Lord Haldane was Secretary of State. In 1907 he published a volume of Cavalry Studies. His next appointment was that of chief of the general staff in India, which he held for three years, being promoted lieutenant-general in 1910. In 1912 he was brought home to take the command in Aldershot, and in 1913 he was made a K.C.B.

On the mobilization of the Expeditionary Force in 1914, Sir D. Haig took the field as commander of the I. Army Corps, which he led during the Mons, Marne and Aisne operations, and the first battle of Ypres; he 'was promoted full general in November for his services. On the division of the B.E.F. into two armies at the beginning of 1915, he was placed at the head of the first. On the front of his army during 1915 there took place the battles of Neuve Chapelle, Festubert and Loos, and at the end of the year he succeeded Sir J. French in the chief command. He had been made a G.C.B. in the autumn.

The campaigns and battles of the British army in France under Sir Douglas Haig's command are dealt with elsewhere, and here it is sufficient to recall the names of the Somme, of Arras and the Hindenburg Line, of Messines and Ypres, of Cambrai, and finally the great disasters and greater triumphs of 1918. The culminating moment of all his work came on Sept.


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