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of 180,999.8 sq. km., and a pop. of 6,727,877. Table 3 shows the principal towns of Greece (including Thrace and Ionia). TABLE 3. PRINCIPAL TOWNS

Athens (1920)

300,462

Trikkala (1907)

18,995

Salonika (1915)

158,139

Larissa (1907)

18,939

Piraeus (1920)

130,082

Mytilene (1915)

18,705

Adrianople (1911)

65,454

Kalamata (1907)

18,510

Patras (1920)

46,500

Chios (1915)

18,000

Corfu (1907)

30,585

Yannina (1915)

17,331

Candia (1915)

25,185

Zante (1907)

15,035

Canea 1915)

24,399

Ionia:

Volo 1907)

23,563

Smyrna (1915)

225,000

Kavalla 1915)

23,378

Manisa (1915)

35.000

Syra 1907)

21,342

Aivali (1915)

25,000

Serres 1915)

19,468

Kassaba (1915)

23,000

In 1921 there were 219,000 Greeks in the island of Cyprus; and it was estimated that there were about 800,000 in Asia Minor outside Ionia (Pontus and Anatolia), 225,000 in other Balkan states, 150,000 in southern Russia, and 100,000 in Egypt; besides the Greek colo- nists, many of them naturalized in foreign countries, who were estimated to amount to 20,000 in western Europe, 6,000 in India, Africa, etc., and 250,000 in the United States of America.

Emigration to the United States continued unabated after 1910. In 1914 45,881 emigrants from Greece entered the United States, and from 1915-20 the annual average was 26,500, or nearly 45,000, if all emigrants of Greek origin (from Egypt, Turkey and the Caucasus) are included. Between 1910 and 1920 the number of repatriated emigrants was about 6,000 a year. The number of Greek emigrants permanently established in N. America is said to approximate 500,000. Their remittances home were said in 1917 to amount to nearly 2,000,000 annually.

Finance. Between 1898 and the end of 1913 new loans raised the Public Debt to 1,216,480,000 drachmae. In every succeeding year this was further increased, and on May I 1921, the total Public Debt amounted to 6,208,264,000 drachmae. This vast growth was due to the successive deficits in the budget since the Balkan wars (which cost approximately 682,523,000 drachmae); to the prepara- tions for entering the World War (1914-6), 570,000,030; to the war itself (war expenses Oct. I9i6-Dec. 1918, 760,000,000, not in- cluding the value of war material supplied by the Allies) ; finally and especially to the war in Asia Minor, which up to Aug. 1921 must already have cost nearly 3,000,000,000 drachmae. Table 4 shows the revenue and expenditure 1910-20, deficits being due almost entirely to extraordinary war expenditure.

TABLE 4. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE

Revenue

Expenditure

Drachmae

Drachmae

1910

129,500,000

140,500,000

1911

137,800,000

175,700,000

1912

127,200,000

207,900,000

1913

122,200,000

423,800,000

1914

221,000,000

555,000,000

1915

232,000,000

477,000,000

1916

230,000,000

363,000,000

1917

263,000,000

440,000,000

1918

288,000,000

824,000,000

1919-20 (Budget)

469,690,000

1,554,357,000

1920-1 (Budget).

597,011,000

2,005,304,000

The bank-notes in circulation increased from 310,604,185 dr. in 1914 to 1,856,173,000 in Nov. 1920, and approximately to 2,500,- 000,000 in May 1921. Table 5 shows the yield of taxes in millions of drachmae.

TABLE 5. TAXATION RECEIPTS

1911

1912

1916

1917

1918

Direct Indirect Monopolies

23-5 62 13-2

24 56 13

50-4 89-2 18-4

49-9 68-1

18-4

50-8 95-2 20-9

The deposits in the banks of the country, on Sept. 10 1918, were 1,162,312,912 dr., of which 607,845,414 were at the National Bank of Greece and 184,445,821 at the Ionian Bank.

Trade. Table 6 shows (in francs) the value of imports and ex- ports, 1914-20.

TABLE 6. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS

Imports

Exports

Total

1914 1915

1916

1917 1918 1919

1920

318,846,472 289,390,294 399,438,840 223,075,496 733,907,099 1,608,323,928 2,131,038,321

178,564,362 218,356,354 154,841,815 112,626,577 296,860,251 726,533,168 664,112,647

497,410,834 507,746,648 554,280,655 335,702,073 1,030,767,350 2,334,857,096 2,795,150,968

Shipping. The merchant shipping of Greece in 1920 comprised a tonnage of 298,903, with 228 steamers and 1,048 sailing vessels. Of

these, three were transatlantic liners of a total tonnage of 11,085 tons, and 23 others, between 2,000 and 5,000 tons, of a total tonnage of 59,282 tons. To this list should be added 54 steamers and eight sailing vessels bought in 1919 but not yet registered, representing a tonnage of 68,572 and 1,947 respectively. Greek river boats and tugs in foreign waters raised the total of the Greek merchant navy in 1920 to 1,697 vessels of 464,635 tons. These figures do not include about 10,000 vessels of less than 30 tons, registering alto- gether about 83,000 tons. The Greek merchant fleet suffered very severely during the war. Greece lost 299 ships of 718,000 tons, thus losing 64-6 % of her pre-war tonnage.

Communications. The total length of Greek railways in 1919 was 2,307-5 km., including the important section 88 km. in length from Papoula to Platy, by which the line from Piraeus to Demerli (the Greco-Turkish frontier of 1912) was joined up to the line from Belgrade to Salonika, thus putting Athens in direct railway connexion with VV. Europe; this line was completed in 1916. To this total must be added a further section, nearly 700 km. in length, of the line from Salonika to Constantinople. The section from Salonika to the Greco-Bulgarian frontier of 1913, 340 km. in length, was acquired by convention of March 16 1919; the new section extends from the Greco-Bulgarian frontier of 1913 to the new Greco-Turkish frontier defined by the Treaty of Sevres.

The construction of various new lines of about 970 km. (103 km. in old Greece, 863 in Epirus, Crete, etc.) was in 1921 under con- sideration ; and the concession for a new line from Kavalla to Drama had already been obtained by a French company.

There are in Old Greece 3,286 km. of main roads, constructed be- fore 1892, and 2,300 km. constructed between 1892 and 1920. In Crete, Macedonia and Epirus there are 2,538 km. New roads of 3,775 km. in length were projected, and about 600 km. were ac- tually under construction in Nov. 1920.

Though commercial aviation had not yet been established in Greece in 1921, it should be noted that Athens is the natural centre of Mediterranean communications, and is situated at an almost exactly equal distance from Corfu, from the Greco-Serbian frontier, from Kavalla, from Gallipoli, from the Greco-Turkish frontier east of Smyrna and from the eastern shores of Crete.

Agriculture. In 1918 the area under cultivation (within the frontiers of 1914) was given as 1,415,633 hectares, and produced 18,927,226 metric quintals (of 100 kg.) of various crops, of a total value of 1,591,526,024 drachmae. In 1920 the annual production, in quintals of the chief crops, was given as follows: wheat 3,318,709, maize 2,320,723, must 1,816,793, barley 1,529,651, olive oil 1,410,- 918, currants 995,530, oats 579,953, rye 333,914, tobacco 310,864.

The progress of agriculture has been delayed by the small size of the holdings in most parts of the country; but this obstacle has been to some extent overcome by the law of 1915 on agricultural cooperative associations. In 1918 there were already 730 of these associations in existence with a membership of 27,051; more than half of these were loan associations to which the National Bank was authorized to advance up to 25,000,000 drachmae. Greece however still depends on foreign imports for her cereals. The average annual consumption per head is 180 okes (one oke = 2-832 Ib. avoir.) while the average home production is 126 okes. The annexation of Thrace and (provisionally) of Ionia should remedy this defect. Meanwhile in other parts of the country, where estates are too large, as in Thessaly, and the metayer system prevails (the cultivator paying to the proprietor one-third or one-half of the gross produce), these estates are being broken up by the application of Law 1,072 on expropriation drafted by M. Michalakopoulos, in the Govern- ment of Venizelos. An agricultural bank to cover Crete, Macedonia and the islands, was being established in 1921, and agricultural instruction seriously organized. The agricultural population of Old Greece (1911) constituted 61 % of the total population, and it is estimated that this proportion was raised to 65% by the annexation of Macedonia. The use of chemical manures is rapidly growing: in 1910 only 611,780 kg. were used, while the figure had risen in 1914 to 6,592,785 kilogrammes.

Forests. The area under forests in 1914 was 1,600,000 hectares, half in Old Greece and the rest in the provinces acquired in 1913. They were valued at 320,000,000 drachmae, and the gross revenue estimated at 38,000,000 (19,300,000 in Old Greece).

Fisheries. The annual produce of Greek fisheries was estimated in 1920 at 28,700,000 okes, of which 23,700,000 were the produce of State waters. In 1918 the yield was valued at 1,544,120 drachmae. In Sept. 1919 there were 1,941 fishing vessels registered at 84 ports, with total crews of 7,689 men.

Manufactures. In 1920 there were 2,211 factories employing 36,- 124 workpeople, with plants valued at 260,518,437 dr. and an out- put at 871,494,508 drachmae. Of these 2,211 factories, 1,870 used power (40,000 H.P. in all), 570 steam, 283 oil, 383 electricity, 308 gas and 326 water-power. Water-power is used in flour-mills and macaroni factories (1,662 H.P.), oil refineries (202 H.P.), chemical industries (1,095 H.P.), textile industries (3,288 H.P.), tanneries (10 H.P.) and wood-work (15 H.P.). The development of water- power, in which Macedonia is remarkably rich, !s expected to be of great importance in the future. The lake of Oslro.-o alone, with the river Voda, is said to be capable of giving a force of 34,000 H.P., besides the rivers Vardar (4,000 H.P.), Vistritsa (3,000 H.P.) and