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Rh respective Governments. Under it slightly more than half the geographical area of the country was placed under the French, the remainder which however included Lome, the only port of entry and the terminus of the three railway lines being ad- ministered on behalf of Great Britain by the Government of the Gold Coast, which bore all the charges connected with the con- quest and the subsequent occupation of the country. The net revenue derived from customs and from the railway, though collected by the British, was divided equally between them and the French. Under British rule the western districts of Togoland prospered exceedingly, it being calculated that within two years the areas under cultivation exceeded by 33% those which had been tilled in German times. The work of administration was carried on by a handful of British officers, selected for that purpose from the Gold Coast, under Maj. Rew, the officer commanding in Togoland, who exercised both military and civil functions under the guidance of the governor of the Gold Coast. By an agreement concluded in Paris in July 1919, the greater part of the territory hitherto occupied by the British, including Lome, was surrendered to the French, only a few frontier districts remaining under the Gold Coast.

After its conquest of Togoland the Gold Coast Regt, leaving a small force to garrison the occupied territory, took part in the Cameroon campaign and did not return to Kumasi until May 1916. In the following July the bulk of the regiment embarked for East Africa, where it took a distinguished part in the cam- paign both in German and Portuguese territory, returning to the Gold Coast in Sept. 1918. During this time it was regularly supplied with drafts of men recruited in the Gold Coast and trained at depots established throughout its dependencies, including the occupied area in Togoland, and at the time of the Armistice the regiment had expanded into a brigade, com- manded by Brig.-Gen. R. A. de B. Rose.

Since 1890 a great social and economic revolution, which even the war was powerless materially to affect, has been wrought in the Gold Coast, and latterly in Ashanti also, through the spread of cocoa- cultivation. In 1891 a parcel of cocoa weighing 80 Ib. and valued at 4 was exported from the Gold Coast. In 1901 cocoa weighing 960 tons and valued at 42,827 was exported; and by 1911 the ex- port had expanded to 35,261 tons, valued at 1,613,448. During the last year before the war 50,554 tons of cocoa were exported, equiva- lent at that time to about one-third of the total cocoa crop of the world. In spite of the war these figures during the succeeding years were not only maintained, but exceeded, the annual exports of cocoa from 1914 to 1919 being 52,888; 77,278; 72,161; 80,374; 66,343; and 176,176 tons. The decline in 1916 was due to the tightening of the blockade into Germany via Holland, and the recovery in the following year to the opening-up of direct trade with the United States. The serious falling-off in 1918 was due to the shortage of shipping, and a large part of the enormous exports in 1919 consisted of cocoa that should have been shipped during the preceding year. The exports for 1919 were valaed at 6,481,569. The cocoa indus- try has throughout been entirely a native enterprise, Europeans acting only as carriers, purchasers and shippers ; and the introduction of this permanent form of cultivation has created private property in real estate, which is not contemplated by local custom, under which all lands are communal. Apart from this, the spread of the cocoa indus- try has brought great wealth to the African population, which has been utilized by them to improve the character and material of their houses, their clothing, their diet meat being now consumed in large quantities throughout the country and generally to raise their standards of comfort. Their increased expenditure upon im- ported spirits was comparatively trilling ; but under an international agreement the importation of such spirits was prohibited, with effect from Feb. 1919. Owing to the very high duties imposed upon these articles the revenue they yielded was large, and the sudden cessation of this source of income was making itself acutely felt in 1921, with the return of more normal trade. Cocoa cultivation, moreover, is such light toil that it disinclines the natives to work their palms or to undertake similar comparatively heavy tasks; and kola-nuts, of which more than 16 million tons were exported during 1919, are the only other export with a steady tendency to increase.

The revenue and expenditure of the Gold Coast and its dependencies and the value of the trade of the country for various periods are shown in the following table :

Year

Revenue

Expenditure

Imports

Exports

1910

1913 1916 1919

1,006,633 1,301,566 1,835,989 2,601,359

924,862 1,230,850 1,465,946 1,781,170

3,439,831 4,952,494 5,999,746 7,946,981

2,697,706 5,427,106

5,8i6,527 10,814,175

Owing to the shortage of silver, notes having face values of i, IDS., 2s. and is. were introduced in 1918, the shilling notes proving most unpopular among the natives. In 1920 silver coins of the same quality as the new issue in Great Britain were put into circulation, and later in the year token coins, resembling in every way the 3d., 6d. and is. pieces issued by the West African Currency Board, which was established in 1912-3, but minted from an alloy, were put upon the market. These were gradually replacing the paper money of low denomination, but were not regarded with much favour by the natives of the Gold Coast.

REFERENCES. Lady Clifford, Our Days on the Gold Coast (i<)i<)) ; The Red Book of West Africa, ed. by Allister (1920) ; Sir Charles Lucas, The Gold Coast and the War (1920) ; W. W. Claridge, History of the Gold Coast and Ashanti (1915); Sir Hugh Clifford, The Gold Coast Regiment in the East African Campaign (1920). (H. CL.) GOLDMARK, KARL (1832-1915), Austrian composer (see 12.212), whose most successful opera, Die Konigin von Saba, was produced by the Carl Rosa opera company in Manchester in 1910, died at Vienna Jan. i 1915. GOLF: see SPORTS AND GAMES. GOLLANCZ, SIR ISRAEL (1863- ), British man of letters, of Jewish family, was born in London July 13 1863. He was educated at the City of London school and afterwards at University College, London, and Christ's College, Cambridge. From 1892 to 1895 he was Quain student and lecturer in English at University College, London, and in 1896 was appointed uni- versity lecturer in English at Cambridge, becoming in 1906 university professor of English language and literature at King's College, London. He became secretary of the British Academy on its foundation in 1903. He was general editor of the Temple Classics and King's Library series and of the Book of Homage to Shakespeare which appeared in 1916. His pub- lished works include Cyncwulf's Christ (1892); an edition of Lamb's Specimens of Elizabethan Dramatists (1893); Exeter Book of Anglo-Saxon Poetry (1895) and Hamlet in Iceland (1898). GOLTZ, COLMAR, BARON VON DER (1843-1916), Prussian general, military writer and organizer of the Turkish army (see 12.227). Gen. von der Goltz was made a field-marshal in 1911 and retired in 1913. In Aug. 1914 he was appointed governor- general of Belgium, then occupied by German forces. In Nov. of the same year he was attached to the Turkish headquarters as aide-de-camp-general to the Sultan. In April 1915 he was placed in the chief command of the I. Turkish army in Mesopo- tamia, and succeeded in investing Gen. Townshend's British forces at Kut-el-Amara on April 19 1916. He died at Bagdad and was said to have been poisoned by the Young Turks. His latest work was Kricgsgeschichte Deutschlands im igten Jahrhundert (1910-4, 2 vols.). GOLTZ, KARL, COUNT VON DER (1864- ), German lieutenant-general, was born at Briihl June 28 1864. He commanded a division of the Landwehr at the battle of the Masurian Lakes in Feb. 1915. In the spring of 1918 he led the Baltic Div. (Ostsee Div.) into Finland and was appointed chief-in-command in the Baltic countries in Nov. 1918. In the following year his position became anomalous. He was leading a volunteer army professedly against the Bolshevists, but his recall was demanded by the Allied and Associated Powers. His removal was effected only with great difficulty by the Berlin Government, as he had taken the bit in his teeth. He was suspected of cherishing designs for leading his Baltic volunteers back at some suitable moment into Germany in order to place them as an instrument at the disposal of the royalist and reactionary movement. Sections of them (Das Baltikum) actually took part in the military occupation of Berlin which attended the Kapp coup in March 1920, and great difficulty was afterwards experienced in dis- banding them. Count von der Goltz wrote Meine Sendung in Finnland und im Baltikum (1920), describing his experiences in the Baltic countries in 1918-9. GOLUCHOWSKI, AGENOR, COUNT (1849-1921), Austrian statesman (see 12.227), died at Lemberg March 29 1921. GOMME, SIR GEORGE LAURENCE (1853-1916), English archaeologist, was born in London Dec. 17 1853 and educated at the City of London school. As a boy he entered the service of the Metropolitan Board of Works; but in 1891 he was ap-