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282 1816, were brought together again in 1920 in pursuance of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. The cast-iron steeple of the Belfry was removed in 1912. In 1913 a Great International Exhibition was held.

From Oct. 9-11 1914 Ghent was the headquarters of the British 7th Div. of the IV. Army Corps. On Oct. 12 the Ger- mans entered the city and held it until Armistice Day, the Bel- gian army in following up the German retreat having reached the outskirts on Oct. 24 1918. During the occupation the Ger- mans published the Vlaamsche Post, an organ professing Flemish sympathies and advocating the partition of Belgium. Intrigues on the part of the Germans to transform the university of Ghent into a purely Flemish institution (an aim long desired by the Flemish Nationalists) were resisted by the professors, some of whom were deported in consequence. The western suburbs suffered some damage in the final war operations.

See V. Fris, Histoire de Gand (1913), and Bibliographic de I'Histoire de Gand, 2 vols. (1907-21). GIBB, SIR GEORGE STEGMANN (1850- ), British railway administrator, was born at Aberdeen April 30 1850. He was educated at Aberdeen grammar school and university, and in 1872 entered a solicitor's office as an articled clerk. In 1877 he became assistant in the office of the solicitor to the Great Western Railway, and from 1880 to 1882 practised his profession in London. In 1882 he became solicitor to the North-Eastern Railway, and in 1897 acted as arbitrator for that company on the question of wages before Lord James of Hereford. From 1891 to 1906 he was general manager and from 1906-10 director of the North-Eastern Railway, and in 1906 became managing director of the Underground Electric Railways Co. and chair- man of the Metropolitan District Railway. In 1904 he was knighted. He served on the War Office Reorganization Com- mittee in 1901, and the London Traffic Commission in 1903, and from 1910-9 was chairman of the Road -Board. In 1915 he was appointed a member of the Committee on Production, and became its chairman in 1918. GIBBONS, JAMES (1834-1921), American Roman Catholic cardinal (see 11.936), celebrated his golden jubilee as a bishop Oct. 20 1918. In 1917 he published A Retrospect of Fifty Years. He died in Baltimore March 24 1921. GIBSON, MARGARET DUNLOP (1843-1920), and LEWIS, AGNES SMITH (1843- ), British orientalists, were twin daughters of John Smith, solicitor, of Irvine, Ayrshire. They were born at Irvine Jan. n 1843 and educated at private schools and by private tuition, principally in classics and oriental and modern languages. In 1883 Margaret married the Rev. James Young Gibson (d. 1886), the translator of Cervantes, and in 1887 Agnes married the Rev. Samuel Savage Lewis, fellow of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge (d. 1891). The two sisters made together several journeys to Syria and Palestine, visiting Sinai six times, and in 1892 they discovered and photographed the Syro-Antiochene, or Sinaitic palimpsest, the most ancient known MS. of the four Gospels in Syriac. Four years later they brought to England the first leaf of the Hebrew Ecdesiasticus. In 1897 they founded and endowed the Westminster Theo- logical College at Cambridge. In 1915 both were made gold medallists of the Royal Asiatic Society; they also received hon- orary degrees from St. Andrew's, Dublin, Halle and Heidelberg universities. They published numerous works on Syriac, and especially Sinaitic, MSS., on Arabic Christian MSS. and other ancient literatures. Mrs. Lewis also, before her marriage, published- travel books and stories. In 1892 she wrote a Memoir of her husband and late in life published a volume of poems (1917). Mrs. Gibson died at Cambridge Jan. n 1920. GILBERT, CASS (1850- ), American architect, was born at Zanesville, .O., Nov. 24 1859. He was educated in the schools of Zanesville and later of St. Paul, Minn., to which his parents moved in 1868, and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1883 he began the practice of architecture in St. Paul but subsequently moved to New York. He is perhaps most widely known as the architect of the Woolworth building in New York, 57 storeys, 760 ft. high, and, excepting the Eiffel Tower in Paris, the tallest structure in the world. Other buildings designed by him include the Minnesota State Capitol, St. Paul; the Endicott building, the Dayton Ave. church, and St. Clement's Episcopal church, in St. Paul; the U.S. Custom House and the Union Club, New York; the Brazer building, and the Suffolk Savings Bank, Boston; Art building and Festival Hall (for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition), and the Central Public Library, St. Louis; Ives Memorial Library, New Haven, Conn.; Public Library, Detroit. He also drew the plans for the university of Minnesota and for the university of Texas. He was appointed by President Roosevelt a member of the Council of the Fine Arts; and by President Taft a member of the National Commission of Fine Arts, and was reappointed by President Wilson. He was a member of the National Jury of Fine Arts at the Chicago Exposition (1893) and a member of the National Jury for Architecture at the Paris Exposition (1900). He was made a member of the National Academy in 1908 and of the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1914. He was elected president of the American Institute of Architects in 1908, of the Architectural League of New York in 1913, and of the National Institute of Arts and Letters in 1919. GILBERT, GROVE KARL (1843-1918), American geologist (see 12.7), died at Jackson, Mich., May i 1918. Among his latest writings were The Transportation of Debris by Running Water (1914) and Hydrartlic Mining in the Sierra Nevada (1917). GILBERT, SIR WILLIAM SCHWENK (1836-1911), English playwright and humorist (see 12.9), was drowned at Harrow Weald, Middlesex, May 29 1911 in an effort to save a lady in his own grounds. His play The Hooligan was produced on the variety stage a short time before his death. GILBEY, SIR WALTER, 1st BART. (1831-1914), English wine merchant (see 12.11), died at Elsenham Hall, Essex, Nov. 12 1914. GILL, SIR DAVID (1843-1914), British astronomer, was born in Aberdeenshire June 12 1843 and educated at the university of Aberdeen. From 1868 to 1873 he was in charge of a private observatory at Aberdeen, and from 1873-6 of Lord Crawford's observatory at Dunecht, organizing from there the expeditions to Mauritius to observe the transit of Venus in 1874 and to Ascension I. to determine the solar parallax by observations of Mars in 1877. He became Astronomer Royal in Cape Colony in 1879 and- retained that post till 1902. There he observed the transit of Venus of 1882 and photographed the great comet of that year. He did much to advance stellar photography and its use in cataloguing the stars, and he was responsible for the geodetic surveys of Natal and Cape Colony, British Bechuana- land, German S.-W. Africa and Rhodesia. He was the recipient of many medals and honorary degrees and was created K.C.B. in 1900. In 1907 he was president of the British Association. He died in London Jan. 24 1914.

See David Gill, Man and Astronomer, by George Forbes (1916). GILLETT, FREDERICK HUNTINGTON (1851- ), American politician, was born at Westfield, Mass., Oct. 16 1851. He was educated at Amherst (A.B. 1874; A.M. 1877) and at the Harvard Law School (LL.B. 1877). In 1877 he began to practise law in Springfield, Mass. From 1879 to 1882 he was assistant attorney-general of Mass., and in 1890 was elected to the Mass. House of Representatives, serving two terms. In 1893 he was elected U.S. congressman and thereafter repeatedly reelected to serve through 1923. He was a member of the Appropriations Committee and chairman of the Committee on Civil Service Reform. In 1914 he favoured the Panama Canal Tolls Repeal bill but opposed the administration's Mexican policy. In an address before the Pan-American Commercial Congress, 1919, certain of his remarks about Mexico brought protest to the State Department from the Mexican charge d'affaires and led the Mexican Government to withdraw its delegates. In May 1919 he superseded Champ Clark (Democrat) as Speaker of the House, and in 1920 was a delegate-at-large to the Republican National Convention. GINER DE LOS RIOS, FRANCISCO (1840- ), Spanish philosopher and lawyer, was born in Ronda (Andalusia) in 1840,