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236 million tons of coal and 40-5 million tons of lignite, and in 1913 the output was 190-1 million tons of pit coal (valued at 2,136,000,000 marks) and 67-6 million tons of brown coal (valued at 191,900,000 marks). Owing to loss of territory, the introduction of the 8-hour day and the reduced working capacity of the miners, only 140,757,000 tons of pit coal were produced in 1920, in spite of the fact that the number of workers in every coal-mining district had increased con- siderably. (The number increased in the Ruhr district, for in- stance, from 390,647 at the close of 1913 to 542,598 in May 1921 ; in Upper Silesia from 123,349 at the close of 1913 to 189,300 in Jan. 1921.) The output of brown coal (lignite), on the other hand (see FUEL), was increased, amounting in 1920 to 11,634,000 tons.

The most important mining districts for pit coal were the Ruhr district (11^,487,000 tons in 1913; 84,986,000 tons in 1920) and Upper Silesia (43,435,000 tons in 1913; 31,686,000 tons in 1920). The next in importance was the Saar district (13,217,000 tons in 1913; 9,410,000 in 1920), of whose output, however, Germany was deprived under the Peace Treaty.

Coal is also produced, although in much smaller quantities, in Saxony, Lower Silesia, in the neighbourhood of Aix-la-Chapelle, and in the Wealden district near Hanover.

The most important brown-coal (lignite) mining districts are situated to the right and left of the Elbe, namely, the Thuringia-Sax- ony district, the districts of Lower and Upper Lausitz and the Brunswick-Magdeburg district. The brown-coal mining district on the Lower Rhine, near Cologne, is also very extensive. Small deposits are also to be found in Westerwald, Upper and Lower Hesse, and in Upper Bavaria. More than one-third of the total output is obtained from the Thuringia-Saxony district.

The development of the coke and briquette production corre- sponds to that of the coal output; of recent years coke production has declined, but the production of brown-coal briquettes has con- siderably increased, as shown more particularly in the year 1920. In 1913, 34,630,000 tons of coke and 21,977,000 tons of brown-coal briquettes were produced; in 1920 the production was 25,177,000 tons of coke and 24,282,000 tons of brown-coal briquettes.

Graphite is only obtained in Lower Bavaria. In 1919 the output amounted to 30,525 tons, representing a value of 5,480,942 marks.

Asphalt quarries are found in Prussia in the province of Hanover, and in Brunswick. The output in 1919 amounted to 12,554 tons with a value of 273,395 marks.

Petroleum. The principal mineral-oil fields of Germany are in the Hanoverian lowlands between the Weser mountains and the Teutoburg forest. The large oil-field in Lower Alsace passed, with the cession of Alsace and Lorraine, into French possession. The production of mineral oil in 1913 amounted to 121,000 tons, with a value of 8-5 million marks; in 1919 it was 37,442 tons.

Iron Ore. The presence of large quantities of iron ore in Germany was the main cause of the steady expansion of the heavy goods in- dustry and a fruitful source of the increasing wealth of the country. Within the German customs area (including the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg) the output in 1910 was 28,710,000 tons, valued at 106,- 800,000 marks; and in 1913, excluding Luxemburg, it amounted to 28,607,900 tons, falling, however, in 1915 to 17,709,600 tons. In 1919 the output was further diminished to 6,156,049 tons with a value of 218,327,000 paper marks. By far the greater proportion of the total ore output, about 75%, used to consist of minette, and by the cession of the minette districts of Alsace-Lorraine Germany lost the whole of her minette production. The most productive ore districts still remaining in the possession of the German Republic are in the Siegerland-Wieda sparry iron ore district, the district of Peine and Salzgitter, the Nassau-Upper Hessian district and the Vogelsberg district.

Before the war Germany ranked second to the United States in the iron production of the world. In 1910, the production was 14,794,000 tons. In 1913 the output of pig iron in Germany, ex- clusive of Luxemburg, amounted to 16,763,809 tons; owing to the war it fell in 1915 to 10,154,700 and in 1919 to 5,791,433 tons.

Lead and Zi/ic. The principal lead and zinc mines are situated in Upper Silesia and near Aix-la-Chapelle. Smaller deposits are worked in the Upper Harz, within the Hildesheim administrative area, in the Erz mountains near Freiberg and in the Black Forest. The output for several years before the war was maintained at practically the same level. In 1913 it amounted to 2,884,758 tons. From that time up to 1915 there was a sharp decline; in 1918, however, the output again reached 2,812,700 tons. In 1919 the output in Upper Silesia and the Rhineland fell to 1,703,413 tons.

In 1913 the production of lead amounted to 205,400 tons and that of zinc to 278,800; in 1919 it fell to 57,580 tons and 97,397 tons, respectively. The principal lead-smelting works are in Saxony, in the Harz and within the areas of Aix-la-Chapelle and Cologne ; the largest number of zinc-smelting works are in Upper Silesia, where the output of zinc in 1913 amounted to 60 % of the German output.

Copper. In 1913 the output of copper ore amounted 10947,757 tons and 53,852 tons of copper was produced. -The ore was chiefly obtained from the Harz, and from the districts of Mansfeld, Lower Silesia and Saxony. Smaller quantities were obtained from the Rhine district and in the neighbourhood of Stadtberg. In 1919 616,- 809 tons of copper ore were obtained and 38,370 tons of copper manufactured, but mostly not from ore.

Of tin the output in 1913 was 12,048 tons. The output in 1919 amounted to 83 tons.

Salt. The territories of Saxony and Anhalt are the richest in salt ; here are the great rock-salt pits of Stassf urt and Leopoldshall. In. 1913 there were 153 salt mines under exploitation, besides 72 salt pits. The principal salt pits are in the Saxony-Thuringia district. Out of a total output of 13,306.300 tons in 1913, rock-salt repre- sented 1,349 581 tons and potassic crude salt 11,956,528 tons. Ac- cording to statements of the Kalisyndikat (Potash Syndicate), 7-8 million tons of potassic salt were produced in 1919, and 11-4 million tons in 1920. The total output for 1913 was valued at 135-8 million marks. In the salt works 675.903 tons of refined salt and 8,986 tons of other salts were produced; in 1919 the total production was 296,854 tons.

Industry. Thanks to the great mineral resources of the country, to the energy of the people, and to the organized application of science to industry, Germany had been able to extend her industrial activities enormously in the generation before the war.

Table IX gives the statistics for industrial occupations and the persons employed in them, according to the census of industry in 1907, adjusted to the population represented in the restricted ter- ritory of 1919-20.

TABLE IX. Industrial Occupations.

Industrial Groups

No._of principal works

No. of secondary works

No. of persons employed

No. of labourers among

these

Landscape and mar-

ket gardening.

32,325

1,802

113,166

65,248

Live-stock rearing

and fisheries.

15,359

7,650

29,424

10,843

Mining and smelting

4-989

747

813,956

772,776

Stones and earth

44,532

4-476

721,280

649,652

Metal manufactures

14^776

12,886

900,432

707,758

Machines and instru-

ments

87,777

12,971

1,072,317

870,595

Chemical industry.

9,926

547

165,604

128,868

Illuminants, soaps, etc.

5,745

982

88,415

67,352

Textiles

129,619

22,948

1,005,450

785,982

Paper ....

19,182

1,376

223,702

186,779

Leather

47,028

3,965

198,571

136,462

Timber and carving-

materials

189,611

32,108

719,222

492,310

Foodstuffs and lux-

uries

288,768

47,801

1,160,506

7I547I

Clothing

640,459

45.718

1,230,046

506,409

Cleaning

117,382

",574

239,991

108,554

Building

194,574

22,405

1,454,919

1,183.293

Photography

18,008

1,199

201,384

161,951

Industrial art.

n,776

585

29,143

15,499

Commerce.

789,227

230,531

1,944,189

680,428

Insurance.

22,847

34>37

66,447

4,530

Traffic and transport

83,044

23,466

387,108

263,448

Hotel-keeping and

liquor trade.

303,033

41,215

749,240

269,971

Music, theatres, ex-

hibitions

23,742

9,426

83,866

19,223

The census of 1907 showed that the number of persons industrially employed had constantly increased, since the corresponding census in 1882 and 1895, in a higher ratio than the number of industrial concerns, so that the size of these concerns had increased from one census to the other. In 1882 the average number of persons engaged in the principal works was estimated at 2-5, 1895 at 3-2 and in 1907 at 4-2. The number of industrially employed persons increased also more rapidly in proportion than the total population. While the pop. as a whole increased by 14-5% between 1882 and 1907, the industrial pop. increased within the same period by 39-9%. A steadily augmenting proportion of the German pop. had thus found employment in industrial work. From 1895 to 1907 theindustries connected with foodstuffs and luxuries and with machinery, in- struments and apparatus, showed the greatest development of all in this respect. The increase in the number of persons employed in these industries and in the building trade amounted to over half a million in each branch. In the machinery, instrument and apparatus- making industry, the increase amounted to 92-3%, and in the build- ing trade to 49-6%. The number of textile works decreased by 87,- 399, or 35-2%, but the number of persons employed in them increased by 95,023, or 9-6 %. While a marked decrease took place in the num- ber of works engaged in the metal manufactures, wooden and carved goods and in the clothing industry, the number of persons employed in these branches of industry increased as follows: in the metal industry by 46-5%, in the timber and carved goods industry by 28-8 % and in the clothing industry by 6-5 %. In 1907 the building trade employed the greatest number of persons; next came the clothing industry, the foodstuffs and luxuries industries, the manu- facture of machinery, instruments and apparatus and the textile industry. As a result of the war this grouping underwent a con- siderable alteration. In 1921 conditions were such that the building