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156 1849. As a boy he was a clerk for his grandfather who was a distiller and flour merchant; but he early became interested in the coke business. In 1871 he organized the firm of Frick & Co., which ultimately acquired large coal deposits and ran 12,000 coke ovens. He was chairman of the board of Carnegie Bros., from 1889 to 1892, and in the latter year, during the Homestead strike, was shot and stabbed by Alexander Berkman, an an- archist. He was a director of the Pennsylvania, the Santa Fe, and other railways, and of the U.S. Steel Corporation. He died in New York Dec. 2 1919.

To his family and friends he left $25,000,000, estimated at the time to be one-sixth of his estate. To his daughter he left about $6,500,000 to be expended in educational and charitable work. To the city of Pittsburgh he left land for a park (its value being estimat- ed at $500,000), together with endowment of $2,000,000. His New York mansion, with its collection of paintings, bronzes, and enamels, he bequeathed to the city on the death of his wife; and he added an endowment of $15,000,000 for the support of this " Frick Art Collection." He divided his residuary estate into 100 equal parts, each of a tentative value of $500,000. One share was left to many Pennsylvania hospitals and charitable homes, three shares to the Lying-in Hospital (New York), ten shares to the Mercy Hospital (Pittsburgh), ten shares to the Frick Educational Fund, ten shares to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, ten shares to Har- vard University and thirty shares to Princeton University. The value of his New York mansion and its art collection was estimated, in 1920, to be $50,000,000. Among the chief treasures are the Frago- nard panels, purchased from the Morgan collection in 1915 for $1,250,000, Bellini's " St. Francis in the Desert " (costing $250,000), Velasquez's " Philip IV. " (costing $400,000), Van Dyck's " Paola Adprno " (costing $400,000), Rembrandt's " Portrait of Himself," Gainsborough's " The Mall " (costing $300,000), and the same artist's " The Hon. Anna Duncan " (costing $400,000). Other paintings are fine examples of Titian, Vermeer, Frans Hals, Ruys- dael, Cuyp, Rubens, El Greco, Goya, Sir Thomas Lawrence, Millet, Raeburn, Reynolds, Romney and Turner. FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836-1917), German theologian (see 11. 216), died in 1917. FROHMAN, CHARLES (1860-1915), American theatrical manager, was born at Sandusky, O., June 17 1860. At the age of twelve he started to work at night in the office of the New York Tribune, attending school by day. In 1874 he began work for the Daily Graphic and at night sold tickets at Hooley's theatre, Brooklyn. In 1877 he took charge of the Chicago Comedy Co., with John Dillon as star in Our Boys. He next joined William Haverly and his Mastodon Minstrels as manager, touring the United States and Europe. Then for a time he was associated with his brother Daniel in managing the Madison Square theatre, New York. In 1888 he presented Bronson Howard's Shenandoah in a revised form, which was a great success. In 1890 he organized the Charles Frohman Stock Co. On Jan. 25 1893 he opened his Empire theatre, New York, with The Girl I Left Behind Me, and here he presented many of his stars. Other New York theatres with which he was at various times connected were the Criterion, Garrick, Knickerbocker, Lyceum, and Savoy. He was an adept in developing talent. Among his successful players were Maude Adams, Ethel Barry- more, Blanche Bates, Billie Burke, William Gillette, and Otis Skinner. During 1005-6 he presented E. H. Sothern and Julia Marlowe in Shakespearean plays. Sir James Barrie's plays were favourites with him, and he produced many of Henry Arthur Jones's and Pinero's. He was one of the organizers of the syndicate which for several years controlled the American theatres. Beginning with 1897 he presented many plays in London, leasing at different times such houses as the Duke of York's, Globe, Comedy, Vaudeville and Adelphi. He perished when the " Lusi- tania " was sunk by a German submarine May 7 1915. FRONTIERS, BATTLES OF THE. The generic name of " battles of the frontiers " covers the whole of the actions fought at the opening of the World War in Aug. 1914 on or near the French frontiers. They are described separately below.

First Entry of the French into Mulhouse. In 1914 the Upper

Vosges formed a wall between the French Lorraine and the

plain of Alsace, taken from France in 1871. On the other hand,

to the S. of this wall, the large open gap between the Vosges

and the Swiss Jura presented an easy crossing from the Rhine vajley into the Mediterranean basin. This gap, a historic gate of the Gauls, was defended on the French side by the fortress of Belfort which gave it its name. A little E. of the fortress the Franco-German frontier separated the area of Belfort from that of Upper Alsace which has Mulhouse as the centre and is com- monly called Sundgau.

In the critical days at the end of July 1914, the French Govern- ment, wishing to avoid all chance of premature collisions, directed its covering troops to hold themselves at a distance of at least 10 km. back from the frontier, a precaution which served only to deplete of French troops the heights of the Upper Vosges, of which the Germans took possession without firing a shot, and to confine the troops of Belfort within their fortifications while the enemy made repeated incursions into French territory.

Mobilization had only just been ordered when Gen. Bonneau, who was in command of the French troops from Gerardmer to the Swiss frontier, received instructions to take the offensive, and to advance on Mulhouse with the 8th Cavalry Div., the VII. Corps (i4th and 4ist Divs.) and a brigade of infantry from the garrison of Belfort attached to the I4th Division. The object of this offensive was, it seems, to destroy the Rhine bridges, and to mask Neubrisach; but without doubt the High Command counted much on the political effect that the imme- diate arrival of the French would produce.

However that may be, the offensive began on the morning of Friday, Aug. 7th, and its start was promising. During the day, on the right Altkirch was captured after hand-to-hand fighting by a brigade of the I4th Div. and a brigade of dragoons; in the centre, the two other brigades of the i4th Div. occupied, after an advance-guard action, the line Aspach-Burnhaupt- Ammertzwiller; on the left, the 4ist Div., which had descended the Thur valley, reached Thann and threw out an advance guard towards Cernay.

The next day, while one of its brigades stationed itself at Altkirch, the VII. Corps continued its march forward without resistance. The 4ist Div. thus advanced to Lutterbach, and the 1 4th Div. reached Mulhouse, which it entered at about 6 P.M., with bands playing and flags unfurled, having been pre- ceded by a strong advance guard which pushed beyond the town towards Madenheim and Rixheim.

This unresisted advance was so abnormal that it filled Gen. Cure, commanding the i4th Div. already warned by uncertain rumors, with fears which were soon confirmed by more definite information. The general leained that large German forces had been observed both in the directions of Mulheim and towards Neubrisach, that the Harth Forest swarmed with Pickelhaubes, and that the German advance guards had been seen in the He Napoleon at a distance of a few kilometres from Mulhouse. Not wishing to run the risk of being caught in a trap, he decided to withdraw his troops from the town, taking advantage of the night to establish them on the heights. The evacuation com- menced at 2 A.M., eight hours after the entry into Mulhouse, and on Sunday (Aug. 9), at the break of day, one of his brigades was concentrated with the corps artillery on the plateau of Riedisheim, and the other to the S. of Dornach.

The apprehensions of the commander of the I4th Div. were only too well justified. The German plan of concentration provided for the formation of an army under Gen. von Heeringen between Strassburg and Colmar. Two of the corps belonging to it, the XIV. and XV., were already mobilized and had practically finished their concentration on Aug. 7 when the Germans first heard of the audacious French advance. The smallness of the numbers opposing them caused the Germans no anxiety. They therefore made no attempt at resistance, but utilizing their roads and railways to the full assembled superior forces behind the Harth and Nonnenbruch forests. Thus on the morning of the gth an armoured train of eight trucks, on which the French artillery fired unsuccessfully, went to and fro between Miilheim and the He Napoleon, bringing up infantry units on each trip. In a few hours hostile columns advanced from all directions, and by about 5 P.M. the VII. French Corps was