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Rh FRENCH WEST AFRICA (l'Afrique Occidentale Française, or A.O.F.; see 11.205). By 1921 France had formed out of all her West African possessions an administrative whole constituting a vast country six times larger than France, and its riches were being continuously developed. The settlements thus linked together are separated one from another on the Atlantic seaboard by intervening foreign possessions but become merged in the depth of the continent. They cover an area stretching south of Morocco and Algeria to the Chad and Congo of nearly i| million sq. m., with a pop. of about n millions. The colonies thus grouped are :

Senegal (cap. St. Louis) 76,000 sq. m., pop. 1,250,000. Upper Senegal-Niger (cap. Woulouba) and Upper Volta (cap. Ouaga Dougou) together 315,000 sq. m., pop. 5,645,000.

Guinea (cap. Konakry) 107,000 sq. m., pop. 1,809,000. Ivory Coast (cap. Bingerville) 83,000 sq. m., pop. 1,300,000.

Dahomey (cap. Porto Novo)4l,3OO sq. m., pop. 225,000. Maure- tania, between the Rio de Oro and Senegal, 100,000 sq. m., pop. 225,000.

Niger Territory (cap. Zinder) 714,000 sq. m., pop. 225,000.

Along the whole coast south of the Rio de Oro to the bend of the Niger there is only one port worthy of the name, Dakar, which has modern equipment. With the exception of Dakar and Konakry on the Guinea coast there are only river ports such as St. Louis on the Senegal. Two vast rivers flow through French ' West Africa; they have annual floods but are not everywhere navigable and their mouths are obstructed by cataracts and barrages. They are the Senegal (1,060 m.) and the Niger (over 2,500 m.), the latter of which forms an immense curve up to Timbuktu. On the Ivory Coast and in Dahomey lagoons run parallel with and a short distance from the sea. They are navigable by specially constructed boats. The physical con- figuration of the country has made its penetration arduous. The Saharan desert on the north, dense equatorial forests on the south and an unfriendly sea-coast for long shut out the explorers. Climate changes according to the distance from the coast. In the south rains are heavy and steady. The natives represent many different branches of the black race, Sudanese, Mandingoes, Bambaras, Ouslops and Ashanti. A governor-general, residing at Dakar, is at the head of the administration, and the colonies under him, which preserve their administrative and financial autonomy, are governed by lieutenant-governors.

The railways (1,860 m.) are being greatly developed. Existing lines in 1921 were Dakar, St. Louis, Thies-Kayes, Kayes-Niger.

Oil products, textile and fibre are the chief exports. Nuts are the great resource of Senegal. The total oil exports of 1919 amounted to 230,260 tons, of which nuts formed the bulk. They are shipped shelled and unshelled. Shelling economizes about 50% in freight. Oil made from these ground-nuts has conquered the market. Cakes made with this oil are being increasingly used in the feeding of cattle. The oil palm which is found in Guinea, and especially in the Lower Ivory Coast and Dahomey, is very productive. The covering of the palm-nut yielded 36,000 tons, of which 35,000 tons were exported in 1919. The kernel oil produced in 1919 amounted to 102,000 tons, of which 98,538 tons were exported.

The production of textile and fibrous material is not great, but there are considerable possibilities. The natives have always grown cotton, and successful attempts to grow cotton industrially have been made in Senegal, Upper Senegal, the Niger, Ivory Coast and Dahomey. In the Sudan and Senegal irrigation is necessary, and according to experts the valley of the Niger is as good as that of the Nile in this respect. A great irrigation scheme was being prepared in 1921. Timber resources are vast. The forest of the Ivory Coast, which covers two-thirds of the colony, measures 70,000 square miles. Mahogany exports in 1919 were 35,000 tons. Proper working of the forest will give vast quantities of wood, 30 % of which is suitable for furniture. The general trade amounted in 1919 to 630,260,000 fr. (300,433,000 imports), showing a considerable falling off from the 1918 figures, which were 853,060,000 fr. (575,271,000 imports). There were signs, however, that in 1920 there would be a great improvement. FRENCH WEST INDIES. Martinique and Guadeloupe (see 17.801 and 12.645), belonging to France, form one of the small West Indian colonies in the Atlantic Ocean.

Martinique. The total pop. was 193,087 inhabitants who, with the exception of the immigrants, are all classed under the general denomination of Creoles. Fort de France, the capital of the colony, has 27,000 inhabitants, and is the only large place in the island sjnce the destruction of St. Pierre in 1902. The produce of Martinique consists principally of sugar-cane and its derivatives. The trade of the colony in 1919 amounted to 247,375,000 fr., of which 74,670,000 were imports and 172,705,000 were exports. The trade figures for 1918 were 105 million fr., this being 25 million fr. more than the average for the five years 1913-7. As in the case of Guadeloupe, France and her colonies account for only about one-third of the im- ports, while they absorb about nine-tenths of the exports.

Guadeloupe. The pop. of Guadeloupe and the outlying islands is 190.503. About nine-tenths consists of Creoles; it comprises whites, half-breeds and blacks, between whom there is considerable fric- tion. Guadeloupe has two large towns: Pointe-a-Pitre, a busy place (22,664 inhabitants), and Basse-Terre, the capital (8,184 inhabitants). The trade of Guadeloupe and its dependencies in 1918 amounted to 90,766,879 fr., of which 39,696,000 fr. were imports and 51,070,824 were exports. This total represents an increase of 33,500,000 fr. on the average for the five years 1913-7. About one- fourth of the imports came from France, while almost the whole of the exports went to the mother-country.

FRENSSEN, GUSTAV (1863- ), German author, was born at Barlt Oct. 19 1863, and was educated at the universities of Tubingen, Berlin and Kiel. He took orders and from 1892 to 1902 was pastor at Hemme, taking his degree as doctor of theol- ogy at Heidelberg in 1903. But he had already for some years been known as a writer of novels, and in 1902, a year after his great success with Jorn Uhl (1901), he gave up his pastorate and devoted all his time to literature. His work in fiction includes Die Sandgrafin (1895, 3rd ed. 1902); Die drei Getreuen (1898); Hilligenlei (1905); Peter Moor's Fakrl nach Sud-West (1906); Klaus Henrich Baas (1909) and Die Bruder (1918). He also published sermons (Dorfpredigten, 1899-1902), and two plays, Das Heimatsfest (1903) and Sonke Erichsen (1912).

See H. M. Elster, Gustav Frenssen, sein Leben und sein Schaffen (1912); also studies by E. Muesebeck (1908) and T. Rehtwisch (1902) ; and Gustav Frenssen: Hilligenlei als Kunstwerk und als Tendenzschrift (1906).

FREUD, SIGMUND (1856- ), Austrian physician and psycho-analyst, was born on May 6 1856 at Freiberg in Moravia, and studied medicine and psychology at Vienna, being strongly influenced by Briicke in the latter subject. He took his doctor's degree in 1881, became a member of the teaching faculty in 1885, extraordinary professor in 1902 and ordinary professor in 1919. After working in Paris under Charcot in 1885-6, he devoted himself, under his influence and in cooperation with the Viennese physician, Josef Breuer, to the study of nerve cases. The results of their joint investigations were published in 1895 as Studien iiber Hysteric, of which several editions have appeared, ex- pounding a new treatment, the so-called catharsis. This consisted in putting the patient in a hypnotic state, and the examination by the physician, while under this condition, of the forgotten original circumstances under which the symptoms first appeared. Subsequently Freud pursued a path of his own, and developed a special technique, abandoning hypnosis in favour of the so-called " psycho-analytic " method, under which the pathogenic material of which the patient was unconscious was revealed by means of free association and by the interpretation of dreams, etc. The technique and the results of this research work are explained in Freud's most important works: Die Traumdeutung (6th ed. 1921), Psychopathologie des Alltags (7th ed. 1920), Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie (4th ed. 1920). Freud's smaller works were collected in four volumes under the title, Kleiners Beitrdge zur Neurosenlehre. Freud also published two general sketches of his theory: a shorter one, Fiinf Vorlesungen iiber Psychoanalyse (delivered at Worcester, Mass., in 1909), and a comprehensive one in Vorlesungen zur Einfuhrung in die Pyschoanalyse. These medical-psychological studies yielded surprising results in relation to other subjects, and in the possibilities of their adaptation in other branches of knowledge, e.g. mythology and the history of religion, civilization and literature. The principal works in this connexion are Totem und Tabu (2nd ed. 1920), Der Witz (3rd ed. 1921), Eine Kindheitserinnerung: Leonardo da Vinci (1916), Jenseits des Lustprinzips (1920), Massenpsychologie und Ich-analyse (1921). Freud's works have been translated into English in collected form. He was given an honorary degree by Clark University, Worcester, Mass. FRICK, HENRY CLAY (1849-1919), American manufacturer and philanthropist, was born at West Overton, O., June 17