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150 merit, with great self-control increased by practice. Among the European rulers he enjoyed, during the last decades of his reign, great respect, which he owed to his age, experience, personal amiability, blameless conduct, and above all the fact that his word could always be relied upon. He was a faithful son of the Catholic Church, and looked up with reverence to the Holy Father; but, quite in the spirit of the traditions of his House, he guarded the rights of the dynasty and of the State with the utmost tenacity, even against the Pope. He took no interest in the arts and sciences, being in this respect more of a Lorrainer than a Habsburg; but whenever he expressed an opinion on these subjects, he showed a decided aversion from the modern tendencies.

It is not yet possible to give a complete picture of Francis Joseph's character, as the necessary references are not available. Up to 1921 practically none of his correspondence had been published. For the period up to 1908 there is the elaborate publication Francis Joseph I., by different authors. His biography has been written by R. P. Mahaffy, Francis Joseph (1908) ; Baron Eugen d'Albon, Vom Kaiser (1909); Smolle, Unser Kaiser (1908). A successful attempt to draw a sketch of the Emperor, based on information from ministers, generals, and other officials who were in close touch with him, was made by H. Friedjung under the title " Kaiser Franz Josef I." in Historische Aufsatze (1919, pp. 493 seq.). The numerous popular publications which appeared soon after the death of Francis Joseph are of no historical value. The same is true of Kaiser Franz Josef und sein Hof, Erinnerungen und Schilderungen aus den nachgelassenen Papieren eines personlichen Ratgebers, published and translated by L. Schneider (1919). (A. F. PR.) FRASER, ALEXANDER CAMPBELL (1819-1914), Scottish philosopher (see 11.38), died at Edinburgh Dec. 2 1914. FRAZER, SIR JAMES GEORGE (1854- ), British an- thropologist, was born at Glasgow, Jan. i 1854. Educated at Helensburgh, Glasgow University and Trinity College, Cam- bridge, he was elected fellow of his college in 1879 and was called to the bar. In 1907 he was elected professor of social anthropol- ogy at Liverpool. His principal work, The Golden Bough, first published in 1890 (2nd ed. 1900) and reissued with enlarge- ments in 12 vols. under seven titles between 1907 and 1915, was an elaborate study of the Greek cults, their origins and their place in the comparative history of religion. He also published Pau- sanias and other Greek sketches (1900) and Sir Roger de Coverley and other literary pieces (1920). His views on the connexion between magic and mythology are explained in 19.133 and 17.305; those on folklore are described in 10.601. FREDERICK, ARCHDUKE OF AUSTRIA, DUKE OF TESCHEN (1856- ), Austro-Hungarian field-marshal, was born at Gross-Seelowitz, Moravia, June 4 1856. Like most of the princes of the ruling house he adopted a military career, and served creditably for many years as commandant of the V. (Pressburg) Corps. Subsequently commander-in-chief of the Austrian Land- wehr and army inspector, he became, after the murder of the heir to the throne, Archduke Francis Ferdinand, inspector- general at the head of the common Austro-Hungarian army. Archduke Frederick was possessed of a considerable fortune, and was one of the greatest landowners in the monarchy; the Albertina Collection was among his inherited possessions. In the World War he was from the dynastic point of view as grandson, of the victor of Aspern, Archduke Charles, and as nephew of the victor of Custozza, Archduke Albert, the pre- destined head of the armed forces of Austria-Hungary. He thought it his duty to accept this heavy responsibility, but, modestly estimating his own powers, left the actual exercise of the command to his chief-of-staff, Conrad von Hotzendorf. In the performance of ceremonial duties, and as mediator for the settlement of the conflicting demands of the military, civil and allied elements, his services were undeniable. In the spring of 1917 Emperor Charles himself took over the supreme command; the Archduke, although the Emperor's representative, no longer appeared in the foreground. He married, in 1878, Princess Isa- bella of Croy-Diilmen, and of this marriage there were eight daughters and one son, who served as an officer in the World War. FREDERICQ, PAUL (1850-1920), Belgian historian, was born at Ghent, Aug. 12 1850, and was educated at the university of Liege, where he became professor of history, later (1883) occupy- ing the same position at Ghent. His chief works were Essai sur le rdle polilique et social des dues de Bourgogne dans les Pays- Bas (1875) and Corpus documeniorum Inquisitionis hereticae pravitatis Neerlandical (1889-1906, 5 vols.), and many shorter studies, principally on the religious history of the i6th century and the history of the Flemish literature. He was a strong supporter of the Flemish movement, of which he wrote a his- tory, Schets eener Geschiedenis der Vlaamsche Bewegnig (1906-9). On the invasion of Belgium by the Germans he was active in encouraging the patriotic feelings of his countrymen and urging every sort of moral resistance to the enemy, being in consequence deported to Germany (March 16 1916), in com- pany with Prof. H. Pirenne. He was interned successively at Giitersloh, Jena and Biirgel. He returned to Belgium after the Armistice and was appointed rector of Ghent University. His imprisonment, however, had seriously weakened his health, and he died March 23 1920. He was a member of the Academic Royale de Belgique, the Commission Royale d'Histoire and the Academic des Pays-Bas, and his influence on the teaching of history in Belgium was profound. He was converted to Protes- tantism in his youth, and his tendencies in religion, as in politics, were liberal.
 * 1) s5 #

See Ch. Nyrop, L'Arrestation des professeurs beiges et I'Universite de Gand (Paris, 1917; also translated into English and Danish); V. Fris, Les deux historiens nationaux exiles pour leur patriotisms (1919).

(H. P.) FREMIET, EMMANUEL (1824-1910), French sculptor (see 11.96), died Sept. n 1910. FRENCH, JOHN DENTON PINKSTONE FRENCH, EARL (1852- ), British field-marshal, was born Sept. 28 1852. The son of a naval officer, he entered the Royal Navy, in which he served as cadet and midshipman from 1866 to 1870. Joining the militia he passed from this into the army in 1874 and was ga- zetted to the i gth Hussars. He married Eleanora, daughter of R. W. Selby Lowndes in 1880. He served in the Nile expedition in 1884-5, an( i commanded his regiment from 1889 to 1893. After two years on the War Office staff he commanded a cav- alry brigade from 1897 to 1899, and on the mobilization of the expeditionary force for S. Africa in the latter year he was chosen to command the Cavalry Division and was promoted major- general. Pending the assembly of this, he served in Natal, where he commanded the troops on the field at Elandslaagte and took part in the early combats near Ladysmith, but he proceeded to Cape Colony just before the place was invested. After a few weeks in charge of the force at Colesberg, he led the cavalry dur- ing Lord Roberts' advance from Cape Colony, relieved Kimber- ley, cut off the retreat of Cronje's army, and occupied Bloem- fontein. During the subsequent advance into the Transvaal he was in command of the left wing, and at a later stage of the victorious campaign he played a prominent part in the move from Pretoria to Komati Poort. For these services he was given the K.C.B. During most of the second phase of the struggle he was in command of the forces operating against the enemy in Cape Colony, and he was on the conclusion of hostilities promoted lieutenant-general and was given the K.C.M.G.

He commanded at Aldershot from 1902 to 1907, in which year he was promoted general, and he then became inspector-general of the Forces for five years. He was appointed chief of the Imperial General Staff in 1912 and was promoted field-marshal in 1913. In April 1914 he vacated the post of C.I.G.S., owing to military troubles in Ireland in connexion with Ulster, but four months later he was chosen to take charge of the Expeditionary Force on the outbreak of the World War, and he commanded the British army on the western front from the outset of the struggle until the end of 1915. The chief events in France while he was in command were the retreat from Mons under circumstances of great difficulty; the battle of the Marne and subsequent advance to the Aisne; the transfer of the Expeditionary Force to Flanders; the desperate fighting in the autumn, generally called the First Battle of Ypres; the successful Neuve Chapelle offensive undertaken in March 1915; the Second Battle of Ypres in April 1915;