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Rh siderable popularity in the new army and with the reactionary friends of law and order, as a man of decided character, great energy and resourcefulness in times of crisis. NOVA SCOTIA (see 19.830). The pop. of this Canadian province increased from 459,574 in 1901 to 519,000 in 1911, in- cluding 122,084 in Cape Breton, representing an average density of 24-2 to the sq. mile. During the decade 1911-20 the growth of industry in towns like Sydney tended to compensate for the loss of rural population by emigration to the eastern States and to the Canadian N.W., which has largely ceased. About 80% of the pop. are of British descent. The chief towns of Nova Scotia, with their pop. in 1911 and 1920, are as follows:

1Q2O

65,000 21,400 18,600 9,250 8,700 7,400 7,600 6,600 6,400 6,780 6,400

1911

Halifax (capital) 46,619

Sydney 17,723

Glace Bay 16,562

Amherst 8,973

Sydney Mines 7,47

New Glasgow 6,383

Truro 6,107

Yarmouth 6,000

Springhill 5,713

North Sydney 541

Dartmouth 5,058

The Legislative Council of Nova Scotia consists of 21 mem- bers appointed by the Executive Council of the province, a Legislative Assembly of 43 members elected by the people, and an Executive Council of eight members chosen from the Legisla- tive Assembly and the Legislative Council. The province is rep- resented in the Dominion Parliament by 16 members of the House of Commons and 10 Senators. The revenue is chiefly made up of the Dominion subsidy and of royalties on mining conces- sions, chiefly those on coal. As a consequence the direct taxa- tion which the people of Nova Scotia have to pay is very small, and is limited to the local rates which they levy on themselves for municipal and school purposes.

Each county has its high school or academy, and there are several universities. The province supports a normal school and agricultural and horticultural schools at Truro. Dalhousie College and University at Halifax is undenominational. Halifax has also a school for the blind and an institution for the deaf, and is the seat of a Presbyterian theological college. The universities of King's College at Windsor, Acadia College at Wolfvi^le, and St. Francis Xavier at Antigonish are under the jurisdiction of the Anglicans, the Baptists, and the Roman Catholics respec- tively. A technical college maintained by the Provincial Govern- ment is in operation at Halifax, and technical night-schools are conducted in every industrial town in the province. The Execu- tive Council is the supreme governing body and acts with the su- perintendent of education. It appoints a board of examiners for teachers and a staff of school inspectors. The province is divided into school districts, for each of which a board of school commis- sioners is appointed by the Government. The districts are sub- divided by the commissioners into school sections, and these are administered by a board of three trustees elected by the rate- payers. The schools are supported by Legislative grants, supple- mented by a statutory municipal taxation. In 1918 there were 2,859 schools, 3,037 teachers, 108,094 pupils; the total expendi- ture on education was$i, 818,155, having doubled in isyears.

Agriculture was in 1921 the leading industry of Nova Scotia, the annual production exceeding $27,000,000. The value of field crops for 1919 was over $22,000,000, or about $11,000,000 more than in 1915. There is abundance of fertile land in Nova Scotia for general farming, and especially for the small holdings which should supply the needs of the larger towns, the manufacturing and mining centres, and the summer visitors. Hay and cereals are largely grown, and all root crops in the province are heavy. Rich soils abound in the 700 sq. m. of the Annapolis and Cornwallis valleys, of which one-tenth is planted ; also in dyke lands and in a network of inter- vals. From the wild clover pasturage comes the finest Canadian wool. The produce is marketed in Canada and the West Indies, on the U. S. seaboard and overseas. The 50,000 ac. of dyke marsh- lands reclaimed from the sea, lying mainly at the head of the Bay of Fundy, have for a century or more produced crops of hay up to 3 tons per acre. Their continued fertility is due to the rich mud brought in by the tide and either deposited on the land by flooding or spread on the higher level. In the seven northern counties, includ-

ing Cape Breton Island, conditions of soil, climate and topography have resulted in a greater proportion of good land, and, therefore, of wider clearings, than on the Atlantic slope. In the southern and western counties one of the most fertile intervals is that of the Musquodoboit river, the upper branches of which run through a limestone formation. This valley has been opened up by a recent 8o-m. extension of the Canadian National railways to a point 40 m. E. of Halifax. In the slate formation also there are rich intervals such as the Tusket valley between Kentville and the sea, and the valley of the Lower Sissiboo. As a rule, the cultivated lands in these counties lie along the seaboard, for the interior granite areas do not invite settlement. The Annapolis and Cornwallis valleys are notable for their apples, several varieties of which are the best in the world and find a large market in Great Britain. Peaches, pears, plums and cherries are also grown. Dairying also has become an important industry; about $950,000 worth of creamery butter is produced annually. Travelling dairy schools supported by the Provincial Government visit all parts of the province to give instruc- tions to the farmers. The Provincial Government has also estab- lished 35 model orchards throughout the province. Agricultural education receives stimulus not only from the Government but from various agricultural societies.

Lumber. It was estimated that in 1920 the province had about 12,000 sq. m. of good timber land, all privately owned, but well looked after by a thorough system of fire protection. A large export trade is carried on with Great Britain, the United States, the West Indies and South America. The value of the lumber cut in 1918 was $4,092,039. Eight pulp mills were in operation in 1920 the output of whi:h was valued at $243,451.

Fisheries. The fisheries of Nova Scotia are next to those of Brit- ish Columbia, the most important in Canada, and the value of their products was $9,166,851 in 1915 and $15,171,929 in 1919. The value of fishing boats, vessels, nets and other materials amounted to over $16,000,000. The catch was greatly stimulated by war de- mands for cheaper food. The total number of men employed is about 26,000; the vessels are manned with about 9,5op men and an- other 16,000 are employed in curing, canneries and allied industries.

Mining. The annual production of bitunjinous coal amounts to about 6,000,000 tons, chiefly from Cape Breton, the N.E. portion of the province. The mines in Cape Breton county yielded 3,992,733 tons in 1920 out of a total for Cape Breton of 4,237,065 and for Nova Scotia of 5,087,744. In that year the province consumed 2,445,195 tons and 896,404 tons were exported to New Brunswick, 297,434 tons to Newfoundland, 240,701 tons to Quebec, 527,727 to Europe and bunkering accounted for 485,609 tons. The exports to the United States, which amounted to 532,684 tons in 1915, had sunk to 27,439 tons in 1920. Iron and copper are found but not largely produced, the chief supply of the best iron ore for blast furnaces coming from Newfoundland. Of the 20 blast furnaces in operation in Canada 8 belong to Nova Scotia. These have a capacity from 250 to 350 tons per day each. The average yearly output of gold for 50 years has been $200,000, the highest in any one year being $400,000. In 1919 850 oz. were produced, valued at $19,130. A valuable deposit of rock shale discovered under a farm near Mala- gash, Cumberland county, may prove of great importance to the Maritime Provinces, where the fishing industry alone consumes 50,000 tons a year. The amount of deposit here is estimated at millions of tons, and some of the samples have shown high per- centages of potassium salts. The strata in Nova Scotia are said not to be favourable for oil or gas, but in Pictpu county there is an area of about 10 sq. m. of oil shales. Antigonish and Colchester also contain valuable areas of oil shales. The report of the fuel con- troller for Canada estimated that these shales will yield 400,000,000 bar. of oil and 7,000,000 tons of ammonium sulphate.

Commerce and Manufactures. The shipbuilding industry has shown a strong forward tendency. In 1916, 60 wooden vessels repre- senting 12,000 tons were completed, and the war stimulated the yards to such full and effective work that, in 1917, 20,000 tons were completed without any Government aid to the builders. The war demands for shipping proved the possibility of building steel ships in Canada, and an arrangement was made with the Dominion Iron & Steel Co. of Sydney by which the latter undertook to build the first plant in Canada capable of producing heavy plates. At Halifax and Dartmouth a modern shipbuilding yard was at work in 1921. The Halifax Shipyards, Ltd., took over the existing repair plant and dry-dock at Halifax and the marine railways at Dartmouth, and undertook to provide for building ships up to 12,000 tons.

The manufactures of the province include sugar refineries, textile and boot and shoe factories, pulp and paper mills, canneries, iron works, machine and agricultural implement shops, and iron furnaces. The principal manufacturing centres are Halifax, Sydney, New Glasgow and Amherst.

The value of Nova Scotia's production for 1919 was estimated at $192,197,300, of which coal contributed $25,000,000, iron and steel products $19,000,000, fisheries $14,350,000, manufactures, ships and freights $56,260,000, products of the farm $51,034,000, products of the forests $16,965,000.

Roads and Railways. Nova Scotia is sharing in the general move- ment towards the construction of good roads. Roadmaking machines are employed for the improvement of the ordinary highways and