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1114 was tired of argument and instruction. As if to fill this void, there were started during the decade a number of weekly journals of opinion, of which the New Republic (1914), the Weekly Review (1919) and the Freeman (1920) may be mentioned. The Nation (founded in 1865), which had long occupied a unique position as a politico- literary weekly, entered into a new and distinctly radical phase during the decade; it was avowedly to combat these radical tend- encies that the Weekly Review was undertaken by a group of men, some of whom had served on the staff of the old Nation.

Two serious reviews, comparable in character to the reviews of Great Britain, were started after 1910, the Yale Review in the fol- lowing year and the Unpopular Review, later named the Unpartizan Review, in 1914. Both are quarterlies. Another new magazine of value to the student of affairs was the Current History Magazine, established in 1914 by the New York Times. The North American Review, among whose editors were some of the most famous names in American literature, celebrated its first centennial in 1915. Professor Brander Matthews expressed the opinion, 1918, that the literary level was higher than 50 years before.

A distinctive feature of the later development of American periodical journalism was the extraordinary success achieved by women's magazines. These enjoyed a steady growth without experiencing those vicissitudes of fortune which marked the history of other ventures. The Ladies Home Journal was a successful pioneer in this field. Characteristic also of the period was the growth of technical and trade organs, and the decline of the religious press.

REFERENCES. Besides the works already referred to, the following may be mentioned: George Henry Payne, History of Journalism in the United States (1920) ; Upton Sinclair, The Brass Check (1920) ; W. G. Bleyer, The Profession of Journalism (1918) ; Jason Rogers, Newspaper Building (1918); Phil C. Bings, The Country Weekly (1917); Algernon Tassin, The Magazine in America (1916); James Bryce, Modern Democracies (1921) and Chapters on American Opinion. (H. B.*) NEWTON, ERNEST (1856-1922), English architect, was born Sept. 12 1856. After having been at school at Uppingham, he entered the office of Norman Shaw, with whom he spent the following six years. Here in the company of a gifted band of young students the influence of this talented teacher made as was evidenced more especially in Newton's earlier days a strong impress on his trend of design, and helped to imbue him with that appreciative feeling for, and grasp of, English Renaissance domestic architecture which characterize his work. Established on his own account there fell to him much work of this special nature, for his province consisted almost entirely in the designing of new country houses or modifying or adding to existing ones. His few excursions into architecture of an ecclesiastical nature include the house of retreat and chapel for the Sisters of Bethany, and St. Swithin's church, Hither Green, the latter an interesting and successful departure from the normal plan, with a choir diminishing in width towards the east end. Newton's domestic work shows in its later phases more than in his first essays the influence of the architecture of the i8th century. Still, neither then nor earlier is it rigidly bound by tradition, but speaks an educated individuality. Amongst his houses are Buller's Wood, Chislehurst; Redcourt, Haslemere; Steephill, Jersey, a house set in an old and typical Jersey garden ; and Ardenrun Place, Blindley Heath. His literary work includes A Book of Houses and his particular specialM A Book of Country Houses.

In the first year of the World War, Newton's position as president of the Royal Institute of British Architects and his professional acquirements were utilized by the Government, and under the Ministry of Munitions and its Labour Department he was largely responsible in 1916, and entirely so in 1917, for dealing with the control of every type of constructional work, including such important undertakings as railways and electric schemes. He also, as expert adviser, considered claims for exemptions in the building trades generally a post of great responsibility. He became R.A. in 1919, and was awarded a C.B.E. in 1920. He died in London Jan. 25 1922. NEW YORK (STATE) (see 19.594). The pop. of the state was 10,385,227 in 1920 as compared with 9,113,614 in 1910, a gain of 14% or 0-9% less than that for the United States. The average pop. per sq. m. in 1920 was 217-9 as compared with 191-2 in 1910 and 152-5 in 1900. In 1920 the urban pop. (in cities with 2,500 or more inhabitants) was 8,589,844 or 82-7% and the rural pop. 1,795,383 or 17-3 per cent.

The cities having a pop. of over 20,000 in 1920, and their percentage of increase 1910-20, are as follows:

1920

1910

Increase percent

Albany.

"3,344

100,253

I3-I

Amsterdam

33,524

31,267

7-2

Auburn

36,192

34,668

4.4

Binghamton

66,800

48,443

37-9

Buffalo.

506,775

423,715

19-6

Cohoes.

22,987

24,709

7-0*

Elmira

45,393

37,176

21-9

Gloversville.

22,075

20,642

6-9

Jamestown.

38,917

31,297

24-3

Kingston. ..

26,688

25,908

3-o

Lockport

21,308

17,970

18-6

Mount Vernon

42,726

30,919

38-2

Newburgh.

30,366

27,805

9-2

New Rochelle

36,213

28,867

25-4

New York.

5,620,048

4,766,883

17-9

Niagara Falls

50,760

30,445

66-7

Clean. . ..

20,506

14-743

39-1

Oswego Poughkeepsie

23,626 35,ooo

23,368 27-936

l-l

25-3

Rochester.

295,750

218,149

35-6

Rome. ..

26,341

20,497

28-5

Schenectady

' 88,723

72,826

21-8

Syracuse

I7L7I7

137,249

25-1

Troy. . ..

72,013

76,813

6-2*

Utica. . ..

94,i56

74,419

26-5

Watertown.

31,285

26,730

17-0

White Plains

21,031

15,949

23-1

Yonkers

100.176

79,803

25-6


 * Decrease.

According to the census report of 1916 there were 4,315,404 church members in the state, distributed as follows: Roman Catho- lic, 2,745,552, or 63-6%; Methodist Episcopal, 328,250, or 7-6%; Protestant Episcopal, 227,685, or 5-3%; Presbyterian, 222,888, or 5-2%; Baptist, 182,443, or 4-2 %; Jewish, 113,924, or 2-6%; Lutheran, 73,581, or 1-7%; Reformed, 66,773, or i'5%; Congre- gational, 65,021, or 1-5%; others, 289,287, or 6.7 per cent.

Agriculture and Stock-raising. In 1919 New York ranked thir- teenth among the states in the crops produced, the total value of farm products being $498,179,000. The state ranked first in the production of hay and potatoes. In 1910 the total number of farms in the state was 215,597 and the acreage 22,030,367, of which 67-4% was improved. In 1920 the number of farms had decreased to 193,060. In 1919 the state produced 6,579,000 tons of hay; 35,260,000 bus. of corn; 11,178,000 bus. of wheat; 29,580,000 bus. of oats; 2,486,000 bus. of barley; 1, 932,000 bus. of rye; 5,126,000 bus. of buckwheat; 39,567,000 bus. of potatoes; 16,800,000 bus. of apples; 1,530,000 bus. of pears; 1,648,000 bus. of peaches; and 3,483,000 Ib. of tobacco. The number of sheep in the state has been steadily decreasing. In 1910 there were 953,908; in 1920, 824,000. The state produced 4,022,000 Ib. of wool in 1919. The dairy business is one of the most important. In 1920 there were in the state 1,493,000 dairy cows, a larger number than in any other state except Wisconsin. Other cattle numbered 909,000. There were 560,000 horses and 920,000 swine.

Minerals. In 1916 New York ranked twentieth among the states in the value of minerals produced. The mineral products were valued at $45,783,230, as against $34,317,594 in 19"- The clay products were valued (1916) at $11,755,012; cement, $5,752,- 809; iron ore, 85,571,429; stone, $5,342,954; natural gas, $2,524,115; petroleum, $2,190,195; salt, $3,698,798; sand and gravel, $2,644,- 829. In 1918 the values were $6,568,746, cement; $5,673,131, nat- ural gas; $5,802,870, iron ore; $3,307,814, petroleum.

Manufactures. New York ranks first among the states in the value of manufactured products, and during the five years follow- ing 1909 the output increased rapidly. The 1914 census reported 48,203 establishments (1909, 44,935) with 1,057,857 wage-earners (1909, 1, 003, 981), receiving $631,042,000 and with a capital of $3,334,- 278,000. The cost of materials was $2,108,607,000 (1909, $1,856,- 904,000); the value of the product, $3,814,661,000 (1909, $3,369,- 490,000); and the value added by manufacture, $1,706,054,000 (1909, $1,512,586,000). The industries whose products were valued at more than $100,000,000 were:

Wage-earners

Value

1914

1909

1914

1909

Clothing

189,763

189,467

$583,942,000

$538,593,000

Printing and pub-

lishing

64,020

63,120

257,268,000

216,946,000

Foundry and ma-

chine shops.

66,690

64,066

173,429,000

154,370,000

Slaughtering, meat-

packing.

6,641

6,110

148,105,000

127,130,000

Sugar refining.

4,899

124,941,000

Bread and bakery

products.

27,002

109,227,000