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 (1906) and purchased The Baltimore News (1908), The New York Press (1912) and the New York Sun, both morning and evening issues (1916). He merged the Press in the Sun. In 1920 he bought from the executors of James Gordon Bennett's estate the New York Evening Telegram and The New York Herald, together with its Paris issue. He combined the Herald and the morning Sun as The Sun and The New York Herald, but in Oct. 1920 changed the name to The New York Herald, at the same time continuing the evening paper as The Sun, thus perpetuating intact two names famous in American journalism. MÜNSTERBERG, HUGO (1863–1916), German-American psychologist (see 19.12), died in Cambridge, Mass., Dec. 16 1916.

Among his later publications were American Problems from the Point of View of a Psychologist (1910); Psychology and Industrial Efficiency (1912); American Patriotism and Other Social Studies (1913); Psychology and Social Sanity (1914); The War and America (1914); The Peace and America (1915); The Photoplay: a Psychological Study (1916) and To-morrow: Letters to a Friend in Germany (1916).

MURKLAND, WILLIAM URWICK (1842–1899), American clergyman, was born Nov. 17 1842 in Demerara, British Guiana, where his father was a Scotch missionary. When a child he moved with his parents to Petersburg, Va., and later to Richmond. In 1857 he entered Hampden-Sidney College, but on the outbreak of the Civil War he enlisted, before graduation; in the Confederate army. With one exception he was the youngest member in his command. He was captured at Laurel Hill by troops of Gen. McClellan, but was soon paroled, and returned to Hampden-Sidney College, where he graduated with first honours in 1862. Having meanwhile been exchanged, he again entered the Confederate army. After the close of the war he entered the Union Theological Seminary of Virginia where he remained three years. After his ordination as a Presbyterian minister in 1869, he was pastor of Centre Church, Cumberland co., Va. In Jan. 1870 he was called as assistant to the Franklin Street church, Baltimore, Md., and the following June was chosen pastor, which position he held until his death, May 13 1899. While detained as a young prisoner of war he had won the affection of Gen. McClellan, who later, during his residence in Baltimore, became his parishioner. At Gen. McClellan’s death, Dr. Murkland took part in the funeral ceremonies. In 1890 he was a delegate to the World’s Peace Congress in London; in 1893 a delegate to the Ecumenical Methodist Council at Washington; and in 1894 a delegate to the Northern General Assembly at Saratoga. Dr. Murkland was one of the prominent figures in the Presbyterian Church in the United States, and long distinguished for his ability and influence. He was an extensive traveller and a man of fine literary attainments. On June 4 1895 the 25th anniversary of Dr. Murkland’s pastorate was celebrated, and many distinguished clergymen from all parts of the country together with the highest state and city officials took part. Dr. Murkland was an eloquent speaker and one of the foremost orators in the South. He was chosen orator for the state of Maryland on Maryland Day at the Cotton States’ Exposition, Atlanta, Ga., in 1895. MURPHY, CHARLES FRANCIS (1858–), American politician, was born in New York City June 20 1858. He was educated in the public and parochial schools. He began work in 1876 as a street-car driver. Later with his small savings he opened a saloon, and as his business prospered became proprietor of several such establishments, in which he maintained good order. These, he declared, served as poor men’s clubs. In 1892 he succeeded Edward Hagan as Tammany leader of the 18th assembly district, and from that time his political power grew rapidly. In 1897 he was appointed a member of the board of commissioners of docks and ferries in New York City, serving five years, the last as treasurer. In 1902 he succeeded Richard Croker, on the latter’s retirement, as leader of Tammany Hall, a position he continued to hold for a longer period than any of his predecessors. In 1903 he secured the nomination of George B. McClellan for mayor of New York City, who was elected, and two years later reelected. In 1906 he supported William Randolph Hearst, the unsuccessful candidate for governor of New York on the Independence League and the Democratic tickets. In 1909 he supported for mayor Judge Gaynor, who was elected. At the Democratic National Convention in 1912 he swung his followers to Champ Clark, who led on the earlier ballots. Thereupon William Jennings Bryan, who had looked with favour upon Clark, declared that he would not support him so long as he was backed by Tammany, threw his influence on the side of Woodrow Wilson and secured his nomination. The same year, as presidential elector, Murphy gave Wilson support, and in 1916 approved his renomination. He was a delegate at the Democratic National Convention in 1920, and it was in part through his influence that James M. Cox secured the nomination. MURPHY, FRED TOWSLEY (1872–), American surgeon, was born in Detroit, Mich., Oct. 23 1872. He was educated at Phillips Academy, Andover, at Yale (A.B. 1897), and the Harvard Medical School (M.D. 1901). He was assistant in anatomy at the Harvard Medical School, 1903–4; Austin teaching fellow in surgery, 1905; visiting surgeon to the clinic, 1909–11, and assistant in surgery 1910–11. From 1904 to 1908 he was assistant surgeon at the Infants Hospital, Boston, and from 1907 to 1911 surgeon to out-patients at the Massachusetts General Hospital. In 1911 he was appointed professor of surgery at the Washington University Medical School and, in 1914, chief surgeon of the Barnes Hospital and consulting surgeon of the City Hospital, St. Louis, but resigned in 1919 to become a practising surgeon in Detroit. During the World War he was director and commanding officer of Base Hospital 21 in France (1917–8), and later was director of the medical and surgical department of the American Red Cross, representing the chief surgeon of the A.E.F., with the rank of colonel. He was awarded the D.S.M. MURRAY, SIR ARCHIBALD JAMES (1860–), British general, was born April 21 1860 and joined the army in 1879. He served in Zululand in 1888, and as a staff officer and battalion commander during the S. African War, for which he received the D.S.O. A highly educated staff officer, he filled a number of important appointments during the next few years; from 1907 to 1912 he was at the War Office as director of military training, and he was promoted major-general in 1910. He then became inspector of infantry, and he was given the K.C.B. in recognition of his services. On the mobilization of the army in 1914 he was appointed chief of the general staff to the Expeditionary Force, and he held that position for the first five months of the war; after this he was employed at the War Office, and during the last three months of 1915 he was chief of the Imperial General Staff, having been promoted lieutenant-general in October. At the beginning of 1916 he was sent out to Egypt to command the field army in that country, and he shortly afterwards became commander-in-chief in that theatre of war. Under his auspices troops gradually pushed their way across the isthmus of Suez, inflicted two severe defeats upon the Turks who tried to stay their advance, and at the beginning of 1917 had gained a firm footing on the borders of Palestine. Successful operations had in the meantime been carried out against the Senussi on the western frontier, and Murray’s good work was recognized by his being given the G.C.M.G. An attack delivered upon the enemy’s position at Gaza at the end of March was, however, only partially successful, and when the effort was renewed three weeks later it met with discomfiture. General Allenby took over charge in the following July and Murray returned home. From 1917 to 1919 he was in command at Aldershot and he was promoted full general in the latter year. MURRAY, CHARLES FAIRFAX (1849–1919), English art expert and collector, was born Sept. 30 1849. He early showed artistic talent, and became a member of the pre-Raphaelite group, being employed as a designer by the firm of William Morris & Co. He exhibited first at the Royal Academy (1867) and later at the Grosvenor Gallery (1879), but as he grew older he devoted himself to the collection of objets d’art of all kinds, and became a well-known connoisseur, entering the Bond Street firm of Agnew & Co. During his later years he disposed of