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986 a subvention from the home Government. In Jan. 1919 Gen. Berenguer was appointed resident-general.

Agriculture is the principal resource of Morocco as a whole and forms the basis of the economic future of the country. The total cultivable area under French control in 1921 was estimated at approximately 25 million ac., of which 5,900,000 ac. were actually under cultivation, 5,200,000 ac. earmarked for reclamation and drainage, 12,355,000 ac. common lands, and 1,235,000 ac. forests. The chief crops are barley, wheat, maize and millet, representing 88 % of the total cultivated area; other crops are vegetables, flax, hemp and henna; 124,000 ac. were under orchards and vineyards in 1919. Under proper cultivation western Morocco should become one of the richest cereal-producing areas in the world. Stock-breeding is also important; statistics for 1920 show that live stock comprised: sheep 6,700,000, goats over 2,000,000, cattle 1,300,000, pigs 130,000; while beasts of burden numbered: donkeys 420,000, camels 86,000, horses 65,000, and mules 54,000. The total area of forests in the French zone of Morocco is about 3,706,000 ac. ; on the coast a belt of cork-trees covers an area of 338,000 ac. ; in the Middle Atlas cedars cover 741,000 ac., and oaks and Aleppo pines about 620,000 acres. The revenue derived by the state from the exploitation of forest amounted to 1,500,000 francs in 1921.

Phosphate exists in great quantities estimated at 100 million tons with a yield of 65% and a decree of 1920 reserves to the sultan's Government the right of prospecting and exploiting the deposits. A start was made in 1917-8 in extracting manganese in eastern Morocco and some thousands of tons have been produced. An oil-field extends from Fez to Laraish.

Trade. The total foreign trade of Morocco increased from 375,000 tons, valued at 178 million francs, in 1912 to 553,000 tons and 1,056 million francs in 1920. The total foreign trade of the French zone (in 1,000 francs) rose from 319,580 in 1917 to 573,160 in 1919, excluding the commerce via Algeria, which amounted to 66,660 in 1917 and over 134,000 in 1919. English trade increased from 63,000 in 1916 to 134,500 in 1919. Spain tripled and America quadrupled her trade with Morocco during those years. Of the exports, 98 % went to, and 63 % of the imports were derived from, France and Algeria.

The following table gives the sea-borne trade of the various zones in 1913 and tgi8:

Imports (in 1,000 francs)

Exports (in 1,000 francs)

1913

1918

1913

1918

French zone Tangier Spanish zone

181,427 24-455 25,335

257,580 31,600 35,402

40,182 3,408 2,876

97,042 5,820 6,960

The animal products exported from Morocco in 1919 were as follows:

Weight (1,000 kgm.)

Value (1,000 francs)

gg s , Goatskins

8,626 1,828 I 480

44,949 13-590

52A1

Sheepskins Cowhides Wool Wax

1,387 439 104

112

2,269 922

The trade of Casablanca had increased from 185,000 tons in 1912 to 425,000 tons in 1920.

Communications. There are regular services from Europe to the Moroccan ports of the Cie. Gen. Transatlantique, Cie. de Naviga- tion Paquet, Royal Mail Steam Packet, Bland (Gibraltar), Correos de Africa, and other lines, including Dutch and Italian.

A system of roads has been planned for the French zone; on Jan. I 1920 2,600 km. were completed, 364 in progress and 247 surveyed. Motors are largely used for mails and passengers, e.g. Detween the ports and Marrakesh. The only road, as contrasted with tracks, in the Spanish zone was (1920) from Ceuta to Tetuan, though another was being constructed between Laraish and El Qasr. In that year the Tangier-Fez road was completed in the Tangier zone, and nearly so in the French, but was practically untouched in the Spanish zone.

The railways in the French zone, military lines (2-ft. gauge) open to civilian use, were being gradually changed to standard gauge (4 ft. 8J in.). In 1920 there were 610 m. of railway. The line linking Ujda via Taza with Fez (198 m.) was completed to Tuahar (168 m.) ; this will later be joined by the Casablanca-Fez line, via Rabat and Meknes, which in 1920 ended 10 m. beyond Fez (221 m.). Of the Casablanca-Marrakesh line (324 m.) via Ber Reshid, which in 1920 stopped at Raid Tunsi (96 m.), 40 m. had still to be laid. A branch line runs from Ber Reshid to Wad Zem (83 m.), to be continued to Khenifra: In eastern Morocco a line under construction from Seflet to Utat el Hajj (19 m.) was open as far as Mahirija. In the Spanish zone a narrow-gauge railway runs from Ceuta to Tetuan, and another from Tetuan to Rio Martin. There are two light railways

from Melilla to Nador, Selwan, Tiztutin and the mines. In 1920 a line was projected from Melilla to Taza. via Tafersit, and a coast line to Tangier. Work on the standard-gauge Tangier-Fez line had not actually begun in 1920, though the survey for the French section had been made. The line from Laraish to El Qasr, which will eventually join it, was half completed in 1913; the French have pro- jected a line from Casablanca via Rabat and Kenitra to join it at Petit-Jean (132 miles).

Aeroplanes were much used in Morocco by the French during the war and will be increasingly employed for commerce. There were in 1920 a number of aerodromes, including one 6J m. from Tangier, and a mail-passenger service, calling at several towns in Spain, plie ' between Rabat and Toulouse eight times a month each way.

Efficient postal services exist in the French zone; Spain has post- offices at her ports; in 1920 the only foreign post-offices were those of Great Britain, at the chief ports, and at Fez, Meknes, El Qasr, and Marrakesh. There are wireless installations at Fez, Marrakesh, Tangier, Mogador and elsewhere. A telegraph line runs across the Spanish zone from Tangier to Arbawa (French zone). Telephones are installed in Tangier and in all the towns of the French zone; Casablanca, Rabat and Kenitra are connected by telephone, and so are Tangier, Arzila and Laraish. There are submarine cables between Casablanca and Brest ; Casablanca and Dakar; Tangier and Gibraltar; Ceuta and Tangier; Estopona and Penon de Velez; Tangier and Oran and Cadiz.

AUTHORITIES. The output of books and periodicals on Morocco during recent years has been enormous; only a selection can be mentioned here. A. Bernard, Les Confins algero-marocains (1911), Le Maroc (4th ed. 1917), La France au Maroc (1917); E. Doutte, Merrakech (1905), En Tribu (1914); L. Gentil, Le Maroc physique (1912), La recherche scientifique au Maroc (1914); J. Goulven, Le Maroc (1919) ; E. Laoust, Mots et Chases berberes (1920) ; E. Moutet, Les confreries religieuses de I' Islam marocain (1912); M. A. H. Poisson de la Martiniere, Souvenirs du Maroc (1919) ; Suzanne Nou- vel, Nomades et Sedentaires au Maroc (1919); V. Piquet, Le Maroc (1917); Comte de la Reveliere, Les energies franfaises au Maroc (1917) ; E. Rouard de Card, Traites et accords concernant. . . Maroc (1914) ; C. Sainte Chapelle, La conquete de Maroc (1913) ; Marquis de Segonzac, Au Coeur de L Atlas (1910) ; Andre Tardieu, La conference d'Algesiras (1909), Le Mystere d'Agadir (1912). Works published under the auspices of the protectorate, e.g. Conferences franco-marocaines (2 vols. 1916, 1917) ; Le Commerce (1917) and L' Agriculture (1918) au Maroc; Rapport g'ncral sur la situation du Prptectoral. . . 1914 (Gen. Lyautey, 1916) ; Garnet des itineraires principaux du Maroc (1917); Villes et Tribus (3 vols. 1915, etc.); Annuaire economique et financier; Archives marocaines. Also Guides Bleus (Hachette), Le Maroc; L' Afrique franc_aise; France-Maroc (a superbly illustrated monthly) ; the Bulletins of several geographical societies, notably Algiers, Oran, and Madrid; J. Becker, Historia de Marruecos (1915); R. Donoso Cortes, Estudio geogr. polit. milii. sobre las zonas espanolas (1913); G. Delbrel, Ceografia general de la Provincia del Rif (1911) ; A. Garcia y Perez, Ifni y el Sahara espanol, and Zona espanola del norte. . . (both 1913); Alia Comisaria de Espana en Marruecos. . . memoria 1917-1918 ; A. Vera Salas, El Rif Oriental (1918); W. B. Harris and Hon. W. H. Cozens-Hardy, Modern Morocco (1919); D. Mackenzie, The Khaliphate of the West (1911); E. A. Westermarck, Ceremonies and Beliefs connected with Agriculture. . . in Morocco (1913); Edith Wharton, In Morocco (1920) ; Report of the Trade, Industry and Finance of Morocco (Dept. of Overseas Trade, 1920) ; Morocco (London weekly) ; W. Arning, Marokko-Kongo (1912); O. C. Artbauer, Die Rifpiraten und Hire Heimat (1911); G. Kampffmeyer, Im neuen Marokko (1914), Nordwest Afrika und Deutschland (1914), and a Moroccan bibliography, Studien. . . der deutschmar. Bibliothek (1911, 1915) ; K. Neumann, Die Internalionalitat Marokkos (1919); W. Schroeder, Das Schutz-genossenwesen in Marokko (1917). Maps: Cartes du bureau topographique du Maroc, 70 sheets (1913-5); Barrere, 4 sheets (1913). (E. G. S.) MORRIS, EDWARD PATRICK MORRIS, 1ST BARON (1850- ), Newfoundland statesman, was born at St. John's, Newfoundland, May 8 1859, and was educated at St. Bona- venture's College and the university of Ottawa. In 1884 he was admitted a solicitor and in 1885 was called to the bar (Q.C.i896). The same year he was elected Liberal member for St. John's. In 1889 he entered the Cabinet, and from 1890 to 1895 was Acting Attorney-General for Newfoundland. From 1893 to 1906 he was director of the Newfoundland Savings Bank. In 1897 he went to England as a delegate to the Colonial Office on the question of the French fishing rights. In 1898 he left the Liberal party and became leader first of the Independent Liberals and later (1908) of the People's party. In 1901 he again visited England as a delegate, and in 1902 he entered the Cabinet as Attorney-General, afterwards becoming Minister of Justice. In 1904 he was knighted. In 1909 he became Prime Minister, retaining this office until 1918. In 1909' he represented New-