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978 Notes $87,406,650, as compared with an allotment of $56,165,- 450. The governors of Montana after 1910 were as follows: Edwin L. Norris (Dem.) 1900-13; Sam V. Stewart (Dem.) 1913-21; Joseph M. Dixon (Rep.) 1921-.

See Helen F. Sanders, History of Montana (3 vols., 1913), and the annual reports of the Montana Department of Agriculture and Publicity on Resources of Montana. (P. C. P.) MONTENEGRO (see 18.766). The former kingdom of Crnagora (Black Mountain), as it is known to its inhabitants, was by the Peace Treaty of 1919 merged in the kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (see YUGOSLAVIA).

Area and Population. After the Balkan Wars of 1912-3 Montene- gro obtained an accession of territory on the S.E. from the province of Scutari and on the N. and N.E. from Novibazar and Kossovo, which raised its area to an estimated total of 5,603 sq.m., the new Serbo-Montenegro frontier being settled by the treaty of Nov. 12 1913. Starting from the meeting-point of the former frontiers of Montenegro, Bosnia and the sanjak of Novibazar the new boundary followed the common frontier of the two latter provinces to the neighbourhood of Banich eastward of Chaynicha (taj nice); it then cut the sanjak in a south-easterly direction passing N. of Plevlye and S. of Priyepolye across the headwaters of the Ibar to the Alba- nian Alps, descended to the White Drin in the neighbourhood of Klina and followed the river to its junction with the Erenik south- eastward of Dyakovitsa, thence striking north-westward to the summit of the Albanian Alps, which it followed to a point south of Gusinye, where it turned northward across the upper valley of the Lim, westward of Gusinye, to the old frontier which it left at a point east of Dinoshi, so as to enclose in Montenegro the tribes of Hoti and Gruda, to pass to the lake of Scutari, which it crossed to a point E. of Skya, and so to the Boyana south of Goritsa.

Thcso additions of territory added to the population an element distinguished in certain respects from the inhabitants of the former kingdom. In historic Montenegro, the districts of Katun, Ryeka and Lyeshanska, situate roughly between the valley of the Zeta, the lake of Scutari, and the Bocche di Cattaro, the tribal system had persisted to the present day, but the smallness of the area, its lack of fertility, the fact that it is divided into distinct basins of limited extent, coupled with the impossibility of expansion at the expense of neighbours under Turkish or Venetian rule, or of the northern tribes, had for result that the individual tribes are numerically small. In the regions acquired after the Russo-Turkish War in the N.W. and in the N.E., the latter known as the Brda, " the mountains " the population was also organized on a tribal basis but the individual tribes, as for example the well-known Kuchi and Vasoyevichi, were larger, for here were large pastures, wood, water and a more generous soil, and the tribes, moreover, had succeeded in absorbing some of their neighbours over their open frontier towards the basins of the Tara and Lim, where the population was not organized on a tribal basis. The northern tribes of the Brda are also distinguished by their costume, which is of white braided with black, similar to that of the northern Albanian tribes, many of whom, in fact, claim a common origin with certain of the Montenegrin tribes, whom they resemble also in their physical attributes.

Professor Cvijic has pointed out (La Peninsule Balkanique, Livre II., chap, iv.) that most of the tribes represent an amalgam, some- times of different Serb clans, sometimes of such clans which have absorbed earlier tribal elements which, in some cases, themselves were the result of the absorption of pre-Slav ingredients by the early Serb invaders, though the popular belief is that each tribe represents the descendants of one common tribal ancestor. In the greater part of the territory acquired after the Balkan \Vars the Serb population has long lost its tribal organization, the people of the Metohiya forming part of the Serb population of Stara Srbija (Old Serbia) - the Kossovo-Metohiya type of Cvijic while only a portion of the population in the acquired part of the sanjak is tribal, the remainder belonging to Cvijic's " Era " (Highland) type which extends from the south-westerly regions of the pre-igi3 kingdom of Serbia over the sanjak and the Herzegovina. The new boundaries of Montenegro in this direction were quite artificial and determined largely by the line of demarcation between the zones occupied by the Serb and Montenegrin armies respectively. In these new acquisitions are many Albanians, especially in the Pech (Pec)-Dyakovitsa region. The official return for the population in 1920 was 435,000.

Recent History. The last years of the history of Montenegro as an independent kingdom were marked by the great growth of a purely dynastic policy carried out by the sovereign to whom the organs of government provided by the constitution were entirely subservient.' In his early years Prince Nicholas, true to the traditions of his predecessor and the sentiments of his people, had been a Southern Slav, or rather Pan-Serb, patriot who looked to the restoration of the Serb empire of Tsar Dushan. In 1865 an agreement was actually reached with Prince Michael of Serbia, which provided for the abdication of Nicholas, if ever

the two States should achieve a common frontier and physical union become a possibility. Gifted with no small measure of the literary ability of his family he dedicated his gifts to the dissemination of his patriotic ideals. His song " Onamo Onamo " (" Yonder, Yonder "), spoke of Prizren the Tsarigrad over the mountains and became a popular classic, while in his play Carica Balkanska (The Empress of the Balkans) he envisaged the renewal of the old glories of the Serb race. Before the end of the century, however, a change of attitude became appar- ent. Under the last two Obrenovich sovereigns the reputation of Serbia and of its ruling House suffered eclipse, domestic scan- dals followed hard upon military disaster, and Prince Nicholas himself began to aspire to the leadership of the Serb race. With King Milan his relations were never good, and they were scarcely better with King Alexander. The brilliant marriages made by his daughters enhanced his sense of dynastic impor- tance; and in particular the marriage in 1896 of the Princess Helena to the King of Italy, then Prince of Naples, fortified his diplomatic and international position by the support of a neigh- bouring Great Power with interests of its own across the Adriatic. The assumption of the style of " Royal Highness " by Nicholas on Dec. 19 1900 was an overt sign of the developments.

The beginning of the century was thus marked by the open adoption of a dynastic policy, by rivalry with Serbia, and by the close relationship formed by Italy with the little principality which was to form her point d'appui in the Balkans. The accession of King Peter to the throne of Serbia failed to effect any change in the relations between the two countries, which became worse than ever, and culminated in the scandal of the " Cettigne Plot " in 1908. At this point the history of Monte- negro became involved with the movements and intrigues which were to culminate in the World War. Ever since 1903 the rising tide of the Southern Slav renascence had been flowing swiftly. Two years later, following on the resolutions of Fiume and Zara, the Serbo-Croat coalition was formed in the Croatian Sabor (Diet) and similar cooperation was arranged for in the other provinces of the Slovenski Yug (Slavonic South). Thus the Austro-Magyar policy of Divide et impera, which aimed at keeping the Orthodox Serbs and Catholic Croats apart and mutually hostile, had sustained a disastrous check. In 1906 Count Goluchowski was succeeded as Foreign Minister in Vienna by Baron Aehrenthal, an able man without scruples, and determined upon a forward policy for the monarchy. In the early part of 1908, a violent press campaign was waged in the monarchy against Serbia, coupled with denunciations of a vast and dangerous Pan-Serb conspiracy in the Southern Slav provinces directed from Belgrade.

In the spring of the same year some bombs were discovered at Cettigne, and there followed the famous High Treason trial which was the precursor of the Agram treason trial and the Friedjung case. The principal witness was a certain George Nastich, a Bosnian police spy and agent provocateur who in Dec. 1906 had been ostensibly expelled from Bosnia whence he pro- ceeded to Belgrade. Here, according to his own account, he became a member of a revolutionary society known as the Slovenski Yug (in reality a literary society with propagandist aims) which was hatching a plot against the Dual Monarchy, the principal means of which was to be the employment of bombs, which were manufactured in the arsenal of Kraguyevats. The King of Serbia and the Crown Prince George were eager patrons of this society which aimed at a republic. Eventuall) it was decided to use the bombs against the Montenegrin royal family the time and place being so chosen as to destroy also King Peter's only daughter and Nastich in disgust, after returning to Bosnia, put himself in communication with the Montenegrin police, and on the " discovery " of the bombs testified that these were the identical bombs whose manufacture he had witnessed. Nastich figured also in the other two trials mentioned- above, in which also the Slovenski Yug appeared as the criminal agency at work, his information being thus con- nected with the Forgach-Vasich forgeries and forming part of the same general plan. The object of Aehrenthal was to preju-