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938 would have been of inestimable value if it could have been applied. Then came the development of agricultural extension education employing agencies such as lectures, bulletins, correspondence courses, reading courses, farmers' institutes, short courses at agricultural schools, travelling libraries, educational trains, demonstration farms, educational exhibits at fairs and moving pictures. This phase culminated in the Smith-Lever Act of 1914, which appropriated more than $4,000,000 annually to be appor- tioned among the states for agricultural extension work. Such activity, creating a great demand for teachers and farm demon- strators, reacted beneficially upon the agricultural colleges. Meanwhile another tendency was becoming manifest. The science of farming was being taught in the secondary schools. This plan possessed so many obvious advantages and showed such satisfactory results, that during the decade following 1910 it was widely adopted. In 1920 1,797 public secondary schools, with an enrolment of 27,755 pupils, provided vocational instruc- tion in agriculture. In most schools the boy or girl is required to carry out, under supervision, some definite enterprise such as the cultivation of a small plot, the raising of pigs or poultry or the conduct of a miniature dairy. A detailed record of the under- taking, including a financial statement, is required and affords a basis for grading pupils' work.

Certain private corporations, not directly engaged in teaching, have influenced education in the United States. The General Education Board, incorporated by Congress in 1903, has em- ployed the funds at its disposal in assisting institutions of higher learning throughout the country, and in the southern states it has also promoted the development of the secondary schools and the teaching of agriculture. Recently it has entered the field of medical education. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advance- ment of Teaching, incorporated in 1906, starting with a pro- gramme of pensions for retiring college professors, has been led into the field of investigations and surveys. The published reports of its findings have contributed in large measure to educational progress. The Russell Sage Foundation performs similar service.

Statistics. The magnitude of educational work may be indicated by figures from the report of the Commissioner of Education for the year 1918. The total enrolment of pupils amounted to 23,433,726, and the estimated total cost $1,059,934,803, making the average outlay 845 per pupil enrolled and $10 the cost per capita of the whole population. Teachers and supervisory officers numbered 769,763, of whom 23 % were men. The bureau reported 670 col- leges, universities and professional schools, with an enrolment of 355,131. For the public schools of elementary and secondary grade the following figures were given :

Number of pupils

Average number of days schools open Average days' attendance by each pupil Number of male teachers .... Number of female teachers .... Number of school-houses .... Average annual salary of teachers. ; Value of all school property .... Income from permanent funds and rents Income from local taxes. . Income from state taxes .... Income from other sources .... Expenditure for sites, building and equipment Expenditure for salaries .... Expenditure for other purposes. Expenditure per capita of whole population Expenditure per pupil in attendance. Expenditure per pupil per day

20,853,516 160-7 119-8 105-194 545,515 276,827

(A.

$1,983,508,818

$21,517,04 $580,619,460

$101,305,057

$33,434,885 $119,082,944 8436,477,090 $208,118,055

$7-26 $49-12

$-37 S. D.; N. M. B.) EDWARD (EDWARD ALBERT CHRISTIAN GEORGE ANDREW PATRICK DAVID), Prince of Wales (1894- ), eldest son of King George V. and Queen Mary, was born June 23 1894, at White Lodge, Richmond Park, and baptized twenty-five days later by the Archbishop of Canterbury. In 1902, Mr. H. P. Hansell was appointed his tutor, and remained with him from that time until Aug. 1914. During 1902-7 the Prince was prepared for the navy, and in the spring of 1907 he entered Osborne, where he remained for two years before going on to the Royal Naval College at Dartmouth. During his time at Osborne, Capts. E. Alexander-Sinclair and A. H. Christian were in command, and Capts. T. D. L. Napier and H. Evan- Thomas at Dartmouth. On June 24 1910 he was confirmed in the private chapel at Windsor Castle. While still a cadet at Dartmouth he performed his first public duty on March 29 1911, by presenting to the mayor and corporation of that town the silver oar which they held formerly as a symbol of the rights associated with the Bailiwick of the Water of Dartmouth. At the close of his Dartmouth training in June 1911 he was in- vested as a Knight of the Garter, and on July 13 1911 he was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester. He was shortly afterwards invested as Prince of Wales in Carnarvon Castle, of which Lloyd George was at that time constable, and on this occasion for the first time an English prince addressed the Welsh people in their own tongue. Shortly after this event the Prince became a midshipman, and was appointed to H.M.S. " Hindustan," in which ship he served for three months under Capt. Henry Campbell. The months which followed this cruise were spent quietly at' Sandringham in preparing for Oxford, but during the spring of 1912 the Prince spent five months in Paris as the guest of the Marquis de Breteuil, during which period he was ably coached by M. Maurice Escoffier in the language and history of the country. In Oct. 1912 the Prince, accom- panied by Mr. Hansell and Maj. the Hon. William Cadogan (loth Hussars), who had recently been appointed his equerry, became a freshman at Magdalen College, Oxford. During his time at Oxford the Prince entered heartily into the corporate life of his college and the usual athletic amusements of the undergraduates. The Prince resided in college rooms, dined in hall or at one of the university clubs, and mixed freely with his fellow undergraduates. Some of his vacations he spent in European travel, visiting Germany twice, in 1912 and 1913, and Denmark and Norway in 1914. The Prince's university career was ended by the outbreak of the World War in Aug. 1914 on the eve of his third year. On Aug. 7 he was gazetted and lieutenant in the Grenadier Guards, and on the nth he joined the ist battalion at Warley Barracks, Essex.

In Nov. 1914 the Prince, who had been appointed aide-de- camp to Sir John French, arrived in France and took up his new duties at British G.H.Q. at St. Omer. During the next 1 8 months he served with the Expeditionary Force in Flanders and in France in various parts of the line, being first attached to the 2nd division under Maj.-Gen. Home, to the I. Corps under the command of Lt.-Gen. Sir Charles Monro, and later to the Guards division under Maj.-Gen. the Earl of Cavan. In March 1916 he was appointed to the staff of the G.O.C. the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, and proceeded at once to Egypt. He took the opportunity of seeing the troops in various parts of the line on this front, and also went as far south as Khartum. On his return journey he paid a visit to the Italian headquarters at Udine, and by the middle of June had returned to the British armies in France. He was then attached to the XIV. Corps (Lord Cavan) in Flanders and France, taking part in the battles of the Somme and Passchen- daele, and subsequently proceeded with this corps, in Oct. 1917, to the Italian front, where he remained till Aug. 1918. In May 1918 the Prince paid a semi-official visit to Rome. The Prince then returned to France and was attached to the Canadian Corps, with whom he was serving at the time of the Armistice. He was attached to the Australian Corps in Belgium till the beginning of 1919, after which he visited the Army of Occupa- tion on the Rhine, spending a few days with the New Zealand division, and paying a short visit to General Pershing at the American headquarters at Coblenz.

On his return to England at the end of Feb. 1919 the Prince almost immediately took up a number of public duties which had of necessity been deferred during the war, and on May 29 was admitted to the freedom of the City of London. On Aug. 5 1919 he left Portsmouth in H.M.S. "Renown" for New- foundland and Canada, first setting foot on Canadian soil on Aug. 1 5 at St. John, New Brunswick. His tour extended through the entire Dominion from E. to W., and five days after reaching Victoria on Sept. 23 the return journey began by a slightly