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816 corporation tax in 1899, the automobile tax in 1907. One new source of revenue was the state income tax of 1917, the first $250,000 of this going to the school fund, the surplus, if any, to the highway depart- ment. In 1917, also, the collateral inheritance tax was changed to a direct graduated inheritance tax, with a consequent revenue for 1919 of $199,033. Apart from these sources increased sums came from fees and from the corporation, automobile and franchise taxes. The much-discussed corporation tax became the state's main re- liance as a revenue producer. A state banking department was created (1919), with a banking commissioner and a deputy, whose duty it was to examine every bank at least once a year. In 1917 the budget plan was adopted for a two years' trial, but in 1919 it was not continued. In 1921 the plan was again under discussion with a reasonable chance of adoption. State finances were reenforced by the " Federal Aid " revenue. In 1919 the receipts from the Federal Government were $135,294.52, distributed as follows: (i) $50,000 to Delaware College under Federal grants; (2) $9,472.69 for voca- tional education; (3) $75,821.83 for road construction.

History. The two dominant facts in the history of the state in the period 1910-20 are: (i) the passage of a considerable number of modern and progressive laws, and (2) the reaction of the state to the strenuous demands and activities of the World War. In the latter respect, Delaware met the situation squarely and was well organized, with the various war-time activities centred in the state Council of Defense,, of which Secretary of State E. C. Johnson was the directing spirit. The number of troops furnished by the state in the World War was 7,484, and the amount raised in Liberty and Victory loans $103,898,350. In this period two progressive governors, Charles R. Miller and John G. Townsend, by their qualities of leadership, accomplished much for the state. During the adminis- tration of the latter, for example, a number of important statutes were enacted, including a Child Labor law (1917), a Workmen's Compensation Act (1917), laws for the regulation of hours of labour for women, an Income Tax law (1917), a Direct Inheritance Tax law (1917), an Act creating a state banking department (1919), and a thorough revision of the school laws, known as the New School Code (1919). These Acts, together with the Agricultural Extension Act (1911), mark a new era in the development of the state. After IQIO the Republicans maintained their control of state affairs, electing the following governors: Simeon S. Pennewill (1909-13); Charles R. Miller (1913-17); John G. Townsend (1917-21); and William D. Denny (1921- ). Much of the time, however, the Democrats controlled the House of Representatives, and in 1916 they elected part of their state ticket. In 1921 the senior U.S. senator, Josiah O. Wolcott, was a Democrat; the junior senator, L. Heisler Ball, a Republican. In the presidential election of 1921 the Democrats carried the state, in 1916 and 1920 the Republicans won by a considerable margin. A third characteristic of the period should be mentioned. Public-spirited citizens of the state contributed large sums for education, for public highways, for child welfare, for charitable purposes, and for other worthy causes. It has been estimated that the gifts of Mr. Pierre S. duPont to public education total $3,653,540.35. Gen. Coleman T. duPont completed and presented to the state a modern highway 20 m. in length, extending from Shelbyville to Georgetown. Under a state highway commission this work was extended by a magnificent system of highways, either under construction (1921) or projected.

See Henry C. Conrad, History of Delaware, 3 vols. (1908) ; Edgar Dawson, " Public Archives of Delaware," in The Annual Report of the American Historical Association for 1906, II, pp. 129-148; Adelaide R. Hasse, Index ef Economic Material in Documents of the States of the United States, Delaware, 1789-1904 (1910) ; Amandus Johnson, The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware, 2 vols. (1912); Delaware School Code (1920). (E. V. V.)

DELBRÜCK, HANS (1848- ), German historian (see 7.952). Under the old regime Prof. Delbrück vigorously opposed the policy of the Prussian Government in dealing with the Danes and the Poles, with the result that he was twice sub- jected to disciplinary penalties as a professor and therefore, in Prussia, a civil servant. From 1889 to 1920 he edited the Preus- sische Jahrbilcher, the most important political magazine in Germany. He was the author of a great number of articles and works, of which the following were published after 1910: Numbers in History (1913); Regierung und Volkswille (1914); Bismarcks Erbe (1915); Krieg und Politik (1918); Kautsky und Harden (1920) and Ludendorf, Tirpitz, Falkenhayn (1920). Special attention may be called to the book Regierung und Volkswille, in which Prof. Delbruck attempted a defence of the old system of government in Germany and Prussia with par- ticular reference to its " dualism, " i.e. parliamentary representation and simultaneously a certain degree of autocracy on the part of the sovereign in Prussia and of the federated Government in the empire. At an early stage of the World War he became pessimistic regarding the possibility of any real success for

Germany except by military and political strategy and tactics of a purely defensive character. He was, on tactical rather than on moral grounds, a strenuous opponent of intensified submarine warfare, and did not conceal his conviction that the result of this method of warfare would ultimately be the intervention of America. After the Armistice of Nov. 1918 he devoted himself mainly to endeavours to prove that Germany could not be made solely responsible for the outbreak of war, although she had formally declared war upon Russia and France. He was one of those who were sent to Versailles during the Peace Conference in order to draw up a statement of the German case with regard to the responsibility for the outbreak of war.

For a succinct statement of Prof. Delbruck's views on this subject and an English reply see articles by Delbruck and J. W. Headlam-Morley in the Contemporary Review (March 1921).

DELCASSÉ, THÉOPHILE (1852- ), French statesman (see 7.953), returned to office in the Moms Ministry of Feb. 1911, as Minister for the Navy, a post which he retained when Caillaux succeeded Monis, and in the Poincare Cabinet which was formed on Jan. 9 1912 after the fall of Caillaux over the Moroccan negotiations. He was appointed ambassador in St. Petersburg on Feb. 20 1913, and became once more Minister for Foreign Affairs in the reconstructed Viviani Cabinet on Aug. 26 1914. In this post he was actively concerned in counteracting the efforts of German diplomacy throughout the world, and par- ticularly in England. He resigned from the Cabinet on Oct. 14 1915, partly on account of differences of opinion as to the advisability of proceeding with the dispatch of the expedition to Salonika in the changed conditions created by the resignation of M. Venizelos, and partly on the grounds of ill health.

DELHI, India (see 7.954). The planning and laying-out of a New Delhi has been in progress since 1912, as the outcome of the official transfer of the capital of British India to Delhi from Cal- cutta, announced by the King-Emperor George V. at the Coronation Durbar on Dec. 12 1911. Two inauguration stones were laid by the King-Emperor himself on Dec. 15 1911, when he said: " It is my desire that the planning and designing of the public buildings to be erected will be considered with the greatest deliberation and care so that the new creation may be in every way worthy of this ancient and beautiful city." The first step taken was the appointment of a town-planning committee to advise on the choice of a site for, and a layout of, the new capital. This committee consisted of Capt. G. S. C. Swinton (chairman), Mr. J. A. Brodie and Sir Edwin Lutyens. Mr. V. Lanchester was subsequently consulted by the Government on certain aspects of the question. After a full consideration of all possible sites near the existing city of Delhi on which a new capital could be built, they found two alternative sites, known respectively as the Northern and Southern Sites the former to the N. of Delhi and to the W. of the range of rocky hills which run S.W. from near the village of Wazirabad (35 m. N. of the Kashmir Gate), giving a belt of land gradually increasing in width from W. to E. between the hills and the river Jumna; and the latter to the S. of Delhi and to the E. of this range.

The committee's first report was issued on June 13 1912, and with regard to the Northern Site, on which the Durbar camps of 1911 had been pitched and where the inauguration stones were laid, they found it had some general advantages : This area is upwind and upstream of the existing city of Delhi; the ruins of the Delhis of the past do not cumber the ground; whilst external communications might need improvement, the area is fairly well served by existing railways; roads, canals and internal communications could be made convenient without excessive expenditure, and a good deal of money had already been spent on the area in connexion with the Durbar. But its disadvantages were found to be overwhelming: the site was too small for the proposed new city, and part of the area was liable to flooding.

The committee therefore recommended the site on the eastern slopes of the hills to the S. of Delhi, on the margin of the area occupied by the Delhis of the past. They found this site free from liability to flooding, with a natural drainage. It was