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774 CROMER, EVELYN BARING, 1ST EARL OF (1841-1917), British statesman and diplomatist (sec 7.484). Lord Cromer's life was prolonged for nearly ten years after his return from Egypt; and, in spite of enfeebled health, culminating in a serious illness in 1914 from which he never completely recovered, he took an important share in political, social and literary movements at home. He was constant in his attendance in the House of Lords, and indefatigable in the work of its committees; he was a leading member of the free trade section of the Unionist party; he was active in opposition to female suffrage, and in combating anti- vivisection propaganda. Besides publishing his two volumes of Modern Egypt, he composed several addresses and pamphlets, wrote frequently for the periodicals, and from 1312 onwards was a regular contributor of signed articles and reviews of books to the Spectator his vigorous and informed writing becoming an attractive feature of the paper. When the British Protectorate of Egypt was proclaimed, he completed his history of the modern development of that country in afemall volume entitled A bbas II. , containing matter which it would have been indiscreet to publish so long as Abbas remained Khedive. While he was forward in promoting the study of Oriental languages, his strongest affec- tion was for the Greek and Latin classics with which he had only become acquainted in mature life; he became president of the Classical Society, and endowed a Greek prize for the British Academy. In the critical period of which the main features were the budget of 1909 and the Parliament bill of 1911, Lord Cromer played an energetic part. He failed to prevent the rejection of the budget by the House of Lords; but he was successful in his untiring efforts to persuade moderate Unionist and cross-bench peers to counter the " Die-hard " movement, and to vote for the Parliament bill rather than force the Government to swamp the House by an unlimited creation. It was in the performance of another patriotic duty, during the World War, that he met his death. In spite of age and indifferent health he accepted the laborious and invidious task of chairman of the special com- mission to inquire into the abortive Dardanelles operations. The sittings occupied the autumn of 1916, and while engaged on the draft report he was seized in Dec. with an attack of influenza. Before he had recovered, he resumed the work of the commission, which completely broke him down. He died a few weeks after the beginning of the new year. Seldom has there been a life more singly and successfully devoted to the good of his country.

See Lord Sanderson's Memoir of Evelvn, Earl of Cromer (1917).

(G. E. B.) CRONJE, PIET ARNOLDUS (1840-1911), Boer general (see 7.501), died at Klerksdorp. Transvaal, Feb. 4 1911 CROOKES, SIR WILLIAM (1832-1919), English chemist and physicist (see 7.501), died in London April 4 1919. He was given the O.M. in 1910. CROOKS, WILLIAM (1852-1921), British Labour politician, was born at Poplar April 6 1852. After spending his early years in the workhouse of which he afterwards became chairman of the Board of Guardians, he started work at the age of 14 as a cooper's apprentice, and soon became an ardent trade unionist. His long career of public work began in 1882, when he was made trustee of the parish of Poplar and Library Com- missioner. In 1802 he became a member of the L.C.C., on which he worked continuously for 28 years. From 1898 to 1906 he was chairman of the Poplar Board of Guardians, and in 1901 mayor of Poplar. In 1903 he entered Parliament for Woolwich, and, except for one short interval in 1910, continued to represent that constituency until his resignation in 1921. On the outbreak of the World War he entered wholeheartedly into the work of recruiting and in 1916 he was made a Privy Councillor. Con- tinued ill-health compelled his retirement from politics in Feb. 1921, and he died in Poplar hospital on June ^ 1921. CROTHERS, SAMUEL McCHORD (1857- ), American clergyman and author, was born at Oswego, 111., June 7 1857. He was educated at Princeton (A.B. 1874), Union Theological Seminary (1874-7), and the Harvard Divinity School (1881-2).

Ordained as a Presbyterian minister in 1877 he was a pastor in Nebraska, Nevada, and California (1877-81). He became a Unitarian minister in 1882, called to Brattleboro, Vt. (1882-6), St. Paul, Minn. (1886-94), and Cambridge, Mass, (since 1894). An inspiring preacher and a very popular public speaker, he won a still wider audience by his essays, which recall the quaint humour of Charles Lamb.

Among his best known volumes are: The Gentle Reader (1903); The Understanding Heart (1903); The Pardoner's Wallet (1905); The Endless Life (1905); By the Christmas Fire (1908); Oliver Wendell Holmes and His Fellow Boarders (1909); Among Friends (1910); Humanly Speaking (1912); Three Lords of Destiny (1913); Meditations on Votes for Women (1914) and Pleasures of an Absentee Landlord (1916). CROWDER, ENOCH HERBERT (1859- ), American soldier, was born in Missouri April n 1859. He graduated from the U.S. Military Academy in 1881 and while detailed as commandant at the university of Missouri won in 1886 the degree of LL.B. in the law school. He was appointed major judge-advocate in 1895. He served in the Philippine Islands (1898- 1901), was observer with the Japanese army in Manchuria (1904-5), and was in Cuba as Secretary of State and Justice (1906-8). He was provost-marshal general from May 1917 to July 1919, and as such had full control of the U.S. machinery of conscription in the World War, which he conducted with much success. He was reappointed judge-advocate general in 1919, and the same year invited by the Government of Cuba to advise in connexion with changes in the election legislation there. General Crowder was recognized as an exceptionally authoritative legal adviser in military affairs. In his book The Spirit of the Selective Service (1920), he described the method whereby within 18 months after America had entered the World War 2,000,000 men were in France, almost as many more were in cantonments, and altogether no fewer than 24,000,000 had been registered and classified. CROZIER, JOHN BAPTIST (1853-1920), Protestant Arch-bishop of Armagh, was born at Ballyhaise, co. Cavan, Ireland, April 8 1853. After a distinguished career at Trinity Col- lege, Dublin, where he took his degree in 1872, he was or- dained in 1876. From 1885 to 1897 he was vicar of Holywood, co. Down. In 1896 he became honourable secretary of the General Synod of the Church of Ireland, becoming in the same year a canon of St. Patrick's cathedral. In 1897 he was elected Bishop of Ossory, was translated in 1907 to the see of Down, and in 1911 succeeded Dr. Alexander as Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland. In 1912 he took a conspicuous part in the agitation against the Home Rule bill, and presided over the monster meeting of Unionists held at Balmoral, Belfast, on Easter Tues- day. In the Irish Convention of 1917-8, he and Dr. J. H. Bernard (then Archbishop of Dublin), represented the Church of Ireland. At the close of the Convention the Archbishop joined Dr. Mahaffy, the provost of Trinity, in presenting a minority report advocating a solution of the Irish question on the lines of the Swiss federalism. He died at Armagh April i 1920. CROZIER, JOHN BEATTIE (1840-1921), British philosopher, was born at Gait, Can., of Scottish parentage April 23 1849. He was educated at the local grammar school, where he won a scholarship to Toronto University, which he was, however, obliged soon to surrender owing to ill-health. He returned to the university four years later and took a course in medicine, graduating in 1.872. He then came to England, bought a practice in London, and began a systematic study of philosophy and economics. His first publication, The Religion of the Future (1880), attracted little attention; but Civilisation and Progress (1885) reached a 4th edition and was translated into Japanese. His History of Intellectual Development (1897-1901) was followed by the grant of a Civil List pension, some compensation for failing eyesight and the loss of his medical practice. His further publications included My Inner Life, an autobiography (1898); The Wheel of Wealth (1906); Sociology applied to Practical Politics (1911) and Last Words on Great Issues (1917). He died in London Jan. 8 1921.