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Rh The number of vessels which sailed in British convoy from July 1917 to Oct. 1918 were:

Outward 7,239

Homeward: North Atlantic 5.5 2 9

Gibraltar. 1,705

Dakar. . 564

Sierra Leone. 405

Rio de Janeiro 307

Medit., through 321

Medit., local 10,464

Scandinavian 10,487

E. Coast 12,541

French coal trade 37,562

Dutch 902

88,026 (A. C. D.) CONWAY, SIR WILLIAM MARTIN (1856- ), English traveller and man of letters (see 7.69), was elected Coalition Unionist M.P. for the minor (grouped) English universities in 1918. In 1917 he was made director-general of the projected Imperial War Museum, to the organization of which he devoted his energies, with the result of a large exhibition of the collections towards it being opened at the Crystal Palace in 1920. Amongst his later publications were The Sport of Collecting (1914), The Crowd in Peace and War (1915) and Mountain Memories (1920). COOK, SIR EDWARD TYAS (1857-1919), English journalist and man of letters, was born at Brighton May 12 1857 and educated at Winchester and New College, Oxford. Whilst at Oxford he was president of the Union and of the Palmerston club and, on coming to London as secretary for the extension of university teaching, he became a contributor to the Pall Mall Gazette, then under the editorship of John Morley. He was later assistant editor under W. T. Stead and editor from 1890 till 1892, when the paper passed into the hands of Mr. W. W. (after- wards Lord) Astor and changed its politics. Cook then resigned, but a year later became first editor of the newly founded liberal evening paper, the Westminster Gazette. In 1896 he gave this up to take the editorship of the Daily News, which he held til] 1901. During the World War, conjointly with Sir Frank Swettenham, he directed the official Press Bureau. He was knighted in 1912, and created K.B.E. in 1917 on the inauguration of the Order of the British Empire. He was a lover of art and of gardening. He published Studies in Ruskin (1891), edited the works of Ruskin (1903-7), and wrote the authoritative Life of Ruskin (1912), also producing handbooks to the National Gallery and the Tate Gallery, and to the Greek and Roman antiquities in the British Museum. His book on The Rights and Wrongs of the Transvaal War ran into several editions, and he wrote Life of Florence Nightingale (1913) and Delane of the Times (1915), as well as two volumes of Literary Recollections (1918 and 1919). He died at South Stoke, Goring, Sept. 30 1919. COOK, SIR JOSEPH (1860- ), Australian politician, was born at Silverdale, Staffs., and at the age of nine started life in a coal-mine. In 1885 he went to Australia and six years later entered the N.S.W. Legislature, holding office as Postmaster- General 1894-8 and Minister of Mines and Agriculture 1898-9. He was elected to the Commonwealth Parliament for Parramatta as a Free Trader in 1901 and became Minister for Defence under Mr. Deakin 1909-10. In 1913 he formed a Liberal Cabinet after the defeat of the Labour party; but just before the out- break of the World War, the governor-general decided to appeal to the country and as a result of the elections Mr. Fisher assumed the premiership. Cook, before vacating office, had placed the Australian fleet units at the disposal of the British Admiralty. He did not take office again until 1917 when he was Minister for the Navy in Mr. Hughes's second Ministry. The following year he was created G.C.M.G., having in 1914 been sworn of the Privy Council. COOLIDGE, CALVIN (1873- ), American statesman, was born at Plymouth, Vt., July 4 1873. After graduating from Amherst in 1895 he studied law in an office at Northampton, Mass. Here he began to practise in 1897 and soon became prominent in local affairs. After serving as city clerk, city councillor, and city solicitor ^successively, he was elected in 1907 a member of the General Court, or House of Representatives, of Mass. He was mayor of Northampton, 1910-1 1, and sat in the state Senate from 1912 to 1915, being its president during his last year. He became lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts in 1916 and was re- elected in 1917 and 1918. He was elected governor of Massachusetts in 1919 and in 1920 was reelected under circumstances that attracted nation-wide attention. He had dealt summarily with the striking policemen in Boston Sept. 1919, refusing to re- instate them. In the following gubernatorial campaign this was made an issue by his Democratic opponent, who appealed to those in sympathy with the strikers. The results vindicated the governor's action; he obtained a majority of 114,000 votes (out of a total of 510,000). Already in April 1919, during a strike of telephone operators in Boston, he had proposed that the state take over the lines, but the trouble was soon settled. That he was not opposed to labour was shown by his earlier support of the bill limiting the scope of injunctions against striking employees. In June 1919 he vetoed the bill for increasing the pay of members of the Mass. House, arguing that their service was optional and not a means of livelihood; it was public service and should not be made a job. As governor he recommended that Massachusetts ratify the woman-suffrage amendment to the Federal Constitution. In 1920 he vetoed a bill calling for censorship of moving pictures and likewise a bill to permit the sale of " 2-75 per cent " beer. The latter he declared would be " hypocritical legislation " because, with a Federal law on the statute book forbidding beer with an alcoholic content of over one-half of i %, it would still not be possible to sell 2-75% beer in Massachusetts. At the Republican National Convention in 1920 he received a few votes on all ten ballots for president. When the voting for vice- president began his victory was at once apparent and he was nominated by acclamation. He was elected in Nov. on the ticket with Warren G. Harding by an overwhelming vote.

Some of his speeches were published under the title Have Faith in Massachusetts (1919). COOPER, SIR RICHARD POWELL, 1ST BART. (1847-1913), English agriculturist, was born Sept. 21 1847. He became a member of the firm of Cooper & Nephews, chemical manufacturers and exporters of pedigree live stock, and achieved a great reputation as a breeder of shorthorn cattle and Shropshire sheep. He rendered great service to the Argentine Republic by supplying it with British live stock. He died at Berkhampstead July 30 1913, being succeeded as and Bart, by his son Richard (b. 1874), M.P. for Walsall from 1910. COOPERATION (see 7.82). The term " cooperation " covered in 1921 a large number of forms of economic organization which had little resemblance except that of name. In considering their development since about 1907, it is necessary to deal with each type separately. Cooperative organizations may be conveniently classified under four main heads: consumers' cooperation, industrial producers' cooperation, cooperative credit and banking, agricultural cooperation.

Consumers' Cooperation. The British cooperative movement, though it contains producers' societies, is in fact almost synony- mous with consumers' cooperation. Of 1,459 societies affiliated to the Cooperative Union in 1919, 1,357 were consumers' societies and 95 producers' societies; the membership of the consumers' societies was 4,131,477 and their trade over 314,000,000, while in the producers' societies the membership was 39,331 and the trade 7,000,000.

The growth of the movement between 1906 and 1920 was very remarkable. The membership of retail societies rose from 2,250,000 to over 4,000,000, their capital from 33,000,000 to nearly 80,000,000, and their sales from 63,000,000 to 198,000,000. The significance of these figures is not merely that this vast industrial system has been built up and managed by the working classes of the United Kingdom, but also that in 1921 between one-third and one-fourth of the population of the United Kingdom consumed commodities manufactured or distributed under this cooperative industrial system, a system which eliminates profit -making and implies democratic control of industry