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Rh these changes lies in the growing recognition of pedagogical principles in the church school. Schools having graded departments and a graded curriculum have increased in number, and the higher stand- ard of work has resulted in the creation and use of an increasing body of technical material for teachers and executives. The im- portance of a trained teaching force 'is gaining larger recognition; standard normal courses have been improved; summer schools of methods have grown in number and attendance; and community schools of religious education, meeting on a week-night for an ex- tended period, with classes studying the Bible, pedagogy and depart- mental methods, having sprung up rapidly in many parts of the country. This new interest in religious education has led to impor- tant developments. A new religious profession is growing up, that of director of religious education in a local church. Colleges and theological seminaries have established courses in religious educa- tion, and several have organized departments or schools for the study of this and allied subjects. Especially noteworthy is the providing of rooms for school uses in Protestant churches as a result of the increased attention to the educational side of the work. This change began before the decade under review, but has now become practi- cally universal in its influence. Finally, it is being recognized that the ordinary Sunday-school session does not give sufficient time for proper religious instructions, and various methods of week-day in- structions have been adopted, by churches separately, or by groups of churches, or in cooperation with the public schools.

There is a growing feeling of responsibility for their educational work on the part of the churches. Boards of Education have been organized by some denominations and those of others have been strengthened; most of the movements have included in their finan- cial objectives large sums for education; and the relations between the churches and the schools and colleges, both denominational and undenominational, have been made correspondingly closer.

This interest has grown since the war. The Knights of Columbus, for example, set aside a very large sum for educating worthy men, regardless of their church relations, and Protestant churches have correspondingly enlarged their programme. Roman Catholic institutions have also conducted financial campaigns and largely increased their funds. Most of the money has been raised for the equipment or endowment of institutions related legally or by tradi- tion to the various churches, with a resulting increase in facilities and strengthening of teaching force. In most of the denominational schools and colleges the Bible has a prominent place in the curriculum, the number of chairs of Biblical literature or religious education having increased to about 200. An important development of the decade has been the installation of university pastors by various denominations in connexion with the larger institutions, to care for their own students, to keep them in touch with the church, to give friendly counsel in their problems, to organize Bible classes, etc. In smaller institutions several denominations combine in the support of one representative. There were 320 of these workers in 1920 giving whole or part time to the work. A student church has been organized in a few centres, and some denominations have under- taken the establishment of a school of religious education in con- nexion with a university. All these church representatives work in close relation with the student Christian associations. Student conferences, directed by the Y.M.C.A. and Y.W.C.A. or by the denominational education boards, have grown in importance. Cooperation with these two organizations and with one another through the Council of Church Boards of Education (organized 1911) has been a growing feature of the educational work of the churches during the decade.

In the development of thought religious experience has become increasingly the test of doctrine, and interest has shifted from dogma to life. Religion is thought of in terms of this life, not primar- ily with reference to the next, considered not as belonging to one part of man's life but as affecting the whole range of human experience. There was notable growth during the decade in (i) laymen's activities, especially in the Laymen s Missionary Movement, the Men and Religion Movement and the Y.M.C.A.; (2) religious publicity, manifested in the combination and strengthening of church papers and the increasing use of secular newspapers and magazines for advertising and descriptive articles; and (3) inter- national relations, in which there has been a widening of interest and an enlarging of activity through denominational and inter- denominational organizations. (S. R. W.)

CILICIA (see 6.365). During 1909-21 the old geographical name of Cilicia came again into familiar use, chiefly in connexion with Armenian matters. The ancient district of Cilicia covered nearly the same territory as the medieval kingdom of Lesser Armenia, and the present population includes a considerable Armenian element. This portion of south-eastern Asia Minor, therefore, is regarded by Armenians as a region which should form part of an independent Armenia, or itself become an independent protected Armenian state until the greater project can be real- ized. Unhappy events in recent Armenian history have been enacted in Cilicia, largely owing to Armenian aspirations; thus convenient usage has linked the ancient name with the fortunes and tragedy of the Armenian race. Cilicia of present Armenian interest includes the Turkish vilayet of Adana, the independent sanjak of Mar 'ash, and the sanjak of 'Aintab in the vilayet of Aleppo. In these areas there were, in 1914, about 175,000 Armenians, while the population included some 500,000 Moslem and other elements.

The recent history of Cilicia belongs, in the main, to the his- tory of the Armenian people (see ARMENIA). In 1909 the Adana massacres destructive of hopes created by the Turkish Revo- lution of 1908 extended over the whole of Cilicia. During 1915-6 massacres and deportations organized by the Young Turk Government destroyed or removed the greater part of the Armenian population including the 20,000 inhabitants of Zei- tun, an Armenian mountain stronghold, never hitherto entirely subdued. In 1918-9 Cilicia was occupied by British troops after their conquest of Syria, but on being evacuated by them passed under French control. Subsequently the Treaty of Sevres as- signed to France the southern portion of Cilicia, as far westward as the left bank of the river Jihan, as part of the mandated terri- tory of Syria. The remainder of Cilicia was brought within the French sphere of influence in Asia Minor by the Tripartite Agreement, executed at the same time as the Treaty of Sevres.

Under French occupation Cilicia received a large immigration of Armenians owing to their reliance on French protection and the hope apparently without much foundation that a Franco- Armenian state would be created. The province was the scene of continued warfare between French troops and Turkish Na- tionalists during 1920, in the course of which the Nationalists gained several successes, and were able to renew the massacre of Armenians on a large scale. In the spring of 1921 an agreement was signed on behalf of the French and Nationalist Governments whereby France was to evacuate Cilicia, and the southern fron- tier of Turkey, as defined in the Treaty of Sevres, was to be re- moved southward about 40 miles, for the whole distance from the Gulf of Alexandretta to the frontier of Mesopotamia. These proposed territorial concessions by France the Great National Assembly at Angora considered inadequate, and in consequence it refused to ratify the agreement; and in September 1921 France, therefore, still remained in occupation of Cilicia. (W. J. C.*)

CINCINNATI (see 6.370). During the decade 1910-20 the area of Cincinnati was extended from 44 to 72 sq. miles. The pop. in 1920 was 401,247, as compared with 363,591 in 1910, an increase of 37,656, or 10-4%. In 1920 the city possessed parks covering 2,691 ac., including the Mt. Airy Forestry project which embraces 1,132 ac.; and a plan was being carried out for further extension by utilizing the boulevards and bluffs. The widely discussed statue of Lincoln, by George Grey Barnard, presented to the city by Mr. and Mrs. Charles P. Taft, was unveiled in Lytle Park in 1916. The city was building in 1921 a rapid transit loop at an initial cost of $6,000,000, which with subway, surface and elevated railways will encircle the city, provide access to inter-urban traffic and relieve congestion. The traction roads were being operated under a service-at-cost contract.

Manufactures. -In 1919 there were more than 2,200 manu- facturing establishments in Cincinnati proper, covering 90 industries, with capital of $565,000,000 and products valued at $600,000,000, employing 112,000 persons of whom one-fourth were females. The five most important industries in the Cincinnati district were soap and soap products, $100,000,000; foundry and machine-shop products, $50,000,000; slaughtering and meat packing, $45,000,000; clothing (men and women), $35,000,000; printing and publishing, $30,000,000. In 1916 the freight movement by boat was 1,411,149 tons, of which 1,252,739 were receipts. The chief cargoes were coal, stone and sand, lumber and grain.

Government. A new charter was adopted on Nov. 6 1917 providing that the city " shall have all the powers of local self-government and all other powers possible for a city to have " under the state constitution. The mayor and council were to be elected for a term of four years, the chief executive offices to be filled by appointment of the mayor. The charter provided for a city planning commission of seven members, consisting of the mayor, the director of public service, the three park commissioners and two citizens. It was to submit recommendations for new streets, subways, bridges, playgrounds and parks. In 1919 an ordinance was enacted forbidding the erection or maintenance of billboards within any residential block without the written consent of the