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Rh to organize in the north counter-demonstrations of Protestants against the Ulster movement which culminated in the swearing of the Covenant; but these efforts were a complete failure.

After the outbreak of the World War Casement went to the United States, whence he wrote in Oct. urging Irishmen to stop in Ireland, "as they have no quarrel with Germany." In Nov. he went to Berlin and a communique from the German Foreign Office, published in the official North-German Gazette, stated that he had been given assurances there with regard to Ireland in the event of a successful German invasion of Great Britain. A pamphlet by him, entitled The Crime against Ireland and how the War may right it, appealing for a German-American- Irish alliance, was disseminated in the United States as part of the German propaganda. In Feb. 1915 he wrote an " open letter " to Sir Edward Grey accusing the British Government of conspiring against his life. During that year he visited the prison camps in Germany and tried, with very poor success, to undermine the loyalty of Irish soldiers who were prisoners of war, making them alluring promises if they would join an Irish brigade to fight for Ireland against Great Britain. He succeeded in keeping in touch with the extreme elements in Ireland and in arranging with them the rebellion planned for Easter week 1916, of which he himself proposed to take the lead. On April 12 he sailed for Ireland in a German submarine, which was accompanied by a vessel, laden with arms and ammunition, and purporting to be the Norwegian s.s. " Auk." They reached the coast of Kerry on the 2ist; but the Government was forewarned. The " Auk " was captured by a British patrol boat and sunk by her own crew while being taken to Queenstown. Casement, who with two companions had landed in a collapsible boat at Banna, was arrested on the 24th in a ruined fort which afterwards became a place of pilgrimage for Sinn Fein Irishmen. He had meanwhile succeeded in sending a message to Dublin, announcing the capture of the " Auk " and advising the postponement of the enterprise. This action, which really broke the back of the rebellion, was bitterly denounced by some of his fellow conspirators, who even ascribed their misfortunes to his insane belief in his own superhuman powers.

Immediately after his arrest Casement was taken to London, and on May 1 5 was charged at Bow Street police court with high treason, and committed for trial. The trial began on June 26 before the Lord Chief Justice and two other judges. On June 29 he was convicted and sentenced to death, and on the following day was degraded from his knighthood. The Court of Criminal Appeal dismissed his appeal against conviction on July 18, and he was executed in Pentonville prison on Aug. 3, having been received into the Roman Catholic Church just before his death.

See L. G. Redmond Howard, Sir Roger Casement: a Character Sketch without Prejudice (1916). Also a sketch by McQuilland in Sunday Herald (April 30 1916), and the White Paper issued by the British Government, Documents relating to the Sinn Fein Movement (Cmd. 1108).

CASHIN, SIR MICHAEL PATRICK (1864- ), Newfoundland politician, was born at Cape Broyle, Newfoundland, Sept. 29 1864. He was educated at St. Bonaventure 's College, St. John's, and afterwards adopted a business career, becoming a fishery merchant at Cape Broyle in 1885. In 1893 he entered politics as Liberal member for Ferryland, becoming a prominent member of the party. In 1905, however, he broke away from the Liberals, joining first the Independent Liberal party, and later (1908) the People's party led by Sir Edward (afterwards Lord) Morris. He was chosen to represent Newfoundland on the Commission on West Indian Trade held at Jamaica in 1901, and after the outbreak of the World War occupied various important political posts. In 1917 he became Minister of Finance, and as such was largely instrumental in raising the Victory loan, and in 1918 he was successively acting Prime Minister during the absence of Lord Morris, acting Minister of Militia and acting Minister of Shipping. He was in the same year created K.B.E.

CASSEL, SIR ERNEST JOSEPH (1852-1921), Anglo-German financier, was born at Cologne March 3 1852. His father, Jacob Cassel, was a small banker in that city, and the son at the age of 16 became a clerk in the banking firm of Elspacher, but in 1870 came to London and entered the foreign banking house of Bischoffscheim and Goldsmid. There, before he was 20, he attracted notice by his skilful disentanglement of the accounts of the Khedivial loans. In 1884 he set up for himself and became largely interested in South-American finance. He reorganized the finances of Uruguay, and issued three Mexican loans, as well as acquiring the Royal Swedish railway and financing enterprises such as Vickers' absorption of the Maxim-Nordenfelt Co. and the building of the Central London railway. He also raised a Chinese loan after the war with Japan. His principal achievement was, however, the financing of the Nile irrigation work, and in connexion with that, the founding of the National Bank of Egypt. In these schemes he worked hand in hand with Lord Cromer. For these services he received a Privy Councillorship in 1902 and was created K.C.V.O. He had previously been created K.C.M.G. (1890) and he subsequently received the G.C.M.G. (1905), the G.C.V.O. (1906) and the G.C.B. (1909). He was also the recipient of decorations from the Governments of France, Sweden, Turkey and Japan. During the World War, though he had long been a naturalized British subject, an attempt was made to have his name removed from the list at the Privy Council. It did not succeed. He had retired from active financial operations in 1910. His benefactions were extensive, and included 500,000 for educational purposes, 225,000 for a hospital for nervous diseases, 50,000 to King Edward's Hospital Fund in memory of his only child, Mrs. Wilfrid Ashley, who died in 1911, besides large gifts during the war to the British Red Cross. He also built and endowed an Anglo-German Institute in 1911 in memory of King Edward VII., with -whom he had been upon terms of close friendship. He was a considerable breeder and owner of race-horses; and he acquired a collection of Early English pictures, including a celebrated Raeburn. He married in 1878 Annette, daughter of R. T. Maxwell. She died in 1881. Sir Ernest died in London Sept. 21 1921.

CASSEL, GUSTAV (1866- ), Swedish economist, was born in 1866. After taking his degree in mathematics at the university, he became a lecturer, and was appointed professor of national economy at the High School of Stockholm in 1904. He studied and travelled widely abroad. In addition to a number of books in Swedish, he published the following works in other languages: Das Recht auf den vollen Arbeitsertrag (1900); The Nature and Necessity of Interest (1903); Theoretische Sozialdkonomie (1919). His Memorandum on the World's Monetary Problems, published by the League of Nations for the International Financial Conference in Brussels in 1920, attracted widespread attention. He was a member of many committees dealing with matters of State in Sweden and devoting much labour to the creation of a better system of budget exposition and control (1905-21). He was one of the Swedish representatives at the International Chamber of Commerce meeting in London in 1921. He became a member of Svenska Vetenskapsakademien and correspondent for Sweden to the Royal Economic Society.

CASTELNAU, EDOUARD DE CURIÈRES DE (1851- ), French general, third son of the Marquis Michel de Curieres de Castelnau, was born at Rouergue on Christmas Eve 1851. He was educated first at the Jesuit college there, and later in Paris, and entered St. Cyr in 1869. When war broke out with Prussia the young cadet was posted to an infantry regiment, and he rose to the rank of temporary captain, being given a permanent commission as lieutenant when peace was made. He was promoted captain in 1876 and commandant in 1889. By 1893 his genius for organization had become apparent, and he was called to Paris by Gen. de Miribel. He remained at the Ministry of War for some six or seven years, during which time he perfected the French system of mobilization. That system remained in 1914 fundamentally the same as it had been conceived by him in 1900. On leaving Paris de Castelnau was promoted colonel. He was later given command of a brigade, and, in 1910, of a division. When Gen. Michel left the post of generalissimo and Joffre was appointed in his stead, Castelnau was designated as his chief-of-staff in case of war. But his religious and political views he