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TABLE III. Principal Cities.

City

Popula- tion

Total assessed value taxable property

Total liabilities

Montreal ....

706,600

$623,820,959

$124,802,327

Toronto. . ..

499,278

642,816,690

109,849,002

Winnipeg ....

200,000

236,023,520

46,122,938

Vancouver ....

123,050

205,044,673

29,054,524

Huebec ....

"4,550

73,038,256

15,702,542

amilton ....

108,143

87,157,890

15,088,922

Ottawa ....

107,732

120,463,606

I9,4 2 3,756

Calgary ....

75,000

77,943,oio

27,850,087

Edmonton ....

66,000

79,306,320

37,585,ioo

Halifax ....

60,000

37,330,810

St. John ....

60,000

46,013,550

5,"4,562

London ....

59,ioo

40,783,044

8,263,283

Victoria ....

50,000

71,897,065

22,823,558

Regina ....

40,000

40,982,515

11,675,961

Brantford ....

33,000

15,718,805

5,202,831

Windsor ....

31,629

32,953,994

3,881,288

Verdun ....

28,432

15,085,400

3,488,372

Hull .....

28,392

9,465,860

2,428,844

Saskatoon ....

28,000

28,433,044

10,234,119

Sydney .... Three Rivers

25,000 25,000

9.245,854 16,356,575

2,075,500 4,835,783

Kingston

23,737

13,016,727

2,023,698

Moose Jaw ....

23,155

20,612,578

8,339,034

Sherbrooke ....

22,583

12,923,261

4,539,104

Peterborough

22,000

13,112,605

2,862,290

Sault St. Marie.

21,500

17.650,175

2,977,878

Kitchener ....

21,052

u,957,859

2,090,486

Fort William

20,000

21,973.480

9.146,431

St. Thomas ....

20,000

10,248,310

270,972

Westmount ....

19,500

44,583,350

6,867,517

St. Catharines.

19,196

15,465,385

5,246,489

Moncton ....

I9,OOO

19,000,000

f

Stratford ....

18,106

8,858,350

2,424,209

Guelph ....

17,032

8,832,030

2,073,730

Lachine. ..

16,500

13,661,338

2,609,049

New Westminster

16,000

16,645,212

6,234,496

Port Arthur

15,000

22,574,399

4,600,107

Sarnia

14,649

11,092,243

1,540,394

Brandon

' 14,421

15,447,978

3,759,070

Niagara Falls

H,307

10,759,286

1,218,709

Charlottetown.

14,000

5,704,308

838,600

Outremont ....

12,650

17,750,251

3,321,446

Gait

12,500

7,580,914

2,008,969

Belleville ....

12,345

6,240,165

1,465,531

St. Boniface

12,225

12,547,265

5,271.528

Lethbridge ....

12,000

11,723,655

4.573.400

New Glasgow

12,000

5,331,530

972,808

Owen Sound

1 1 ,768

7,022,883

1,501,985

Amherst ....

11,000

4,844,430

1,030,163

Medicine Hat

11,000

14,292,838

4,483,238

St. Hyacinthe.

10,541

4,233,8i8

1,313,318

Woodstock ....

10,150

5,428,345

980,468

Levis

10,000

3,556,695

949,7"

of domestic labour. It was felt that the success of the Soldier Settle- ment scheme, which was greater even than had been anticipated, and the wide attention which Canada's agricultural capabilities were attracting in Great Britain and other countries, might do much to relieve the situation. Each province presents its peculiar problems of settlement. In British Columbia, for instance, the opportunities are mainly limited to fruit-growers and those who wish to engage in vegetable and poultry raising and small mixed farming, having live stock always in view. In the Middle West, although the live-stock idea was taking strong root, the prevailing cultivation was in 1921 still wheat, though much attention was being paid by the larger and more progressive farmers to live stock and, so far as possible, to diversified farming. Western Ontario, one of the richest sections of Canada, is devoted to live stock, grain growing, maize, beans, sugar beet, tobacco and fruit. It has the greatest diversity of products, and in addition to a rich soil it has plenty of summer heat, growing tomatoes, peaches and grapes to perfection. Eastern Ontario is less favoured in its climate but rich throughout. Quebec contains much fertile land in the valley of the St. Lawrence, and on account of the habits and instincts of the habitant population is very closely cultivated. The farmers of Quebec are the most contented in Canada. The Maritime Provinces have suffered greatly from emigration to other provinces and to the United States, and a good deal of their useful and once cultivated land is not pro- ducing to anything like its capacity. Repopulation and repatriation are among the needs of parts of Ontario and the Maritime Provinces and are among the greatest problems of Government.

The values (in dollars) of various Canadian agricultural products are given in Tables IV. and V.

TABLE IV. Field Crops.

1918

1919

Wheat (fall) (spring) .... Oats Barley Rye Peas Beans Buckwheat Flax Corn Potatoes Turnips, etc

16,516,000 365,151,700 331,357,400 77,378,670 12,728,600 12,899,100 19,283,900 18,018,100 18,951,000 24,902,800 102,235,300 52,252,000

31,521,000 333,336,000 317,097,000 77,462,700 14,240,000 9,739,300 6,214,800 15,831,000 22,609,500 22,080,000 118,894,700 54,958,700

Hay and Clover .... Grain Hay (B.C.) .... Fodder Corn Sugar Beets Alfalfa Mixed Grains

241,277,300

29,439,100 1,845,000 7,963,500 40,726,500

338,713,200 4,379,000 34,179,500 2,606,000 10,800,200 37,775,400

1,372,935,97"

1,452,437,500

TABLE V. Agricultural Products, etc.

Dairy Products: Factory Butter .... Factory Cheese .... Miscellaneous Total Dairy Products

1917

1918

34,274,218 41,180,623

41,859,156 38,456,532 32,995,241

113,310,929

Live Stock: Horses Milch Cows Other Cattle Sheep Swine Total Live Stock

1918

1919

459,155,000 307,244,000 398,814,000 48,802,000 112,751,000

435,070,000 327,814,000 381,007,000 50,402,000 102,309,000

1,326,766,000

1,296,602,000

Other Products: Eggs and Poultry (estimated) Fruits ......

40,000,000 1,975,841,000

Forests. Canada's annual forest growth is several times in excess of the annual cut. The production of timber was valued at $190,000,000 in 1917. The Federal Government has jurisdiction over the timber of the three Middle West provinces, and of the Territories and of the Railway Belt in British Columbia, and has created Federal reserves to the extent of over 28,000,000 acres. It carries on, in addition, an extensive system of seeding and free dis- tribution of trees in the three prairie provinces. In 1917 it allotted nearly 8,000,000 trees to about 10,000 applicants and the Govern- ment farms had 9,000,000 seedlings and cuttings available for dis- tribution. The provinces have adopted a similar policy of timber reserves, and the total areas reserved increased from 714,000 ac. in 1901 to nearly 153,000,000 ac. in 1917. These timber reserves are also for the maintenance of water supply and for the protection of wild animals and birds. Canada has always had a large export trade in timber and lumber. The total value of unmanufactured products rose from nearly $19,000,000 in 1888 to about $56,000,000 in 1917, and of manufactured products $71,500,000 to $146,330,192 in 1918, one factor in the increase being increased value of wood products.

British Columbia stands first in respect of forest organization and scientific administration. It has a well-organized forest service and has initiated special scientific investigations. This work, however, was hindered by the drafts on skilled man-power during the World War. Ontario has undertaken a reorganization of its protective and administrative work. Quebec, following somewhat in the footsteps of France, recognized the necessity for technical training from the first and has a forest school in connexion with Laval University. In New Brunswick similar steps were being taken in 1921.

Table VI. gives an estimate of Canada's stand of timber, mainly coniferous. In the Prairie Provinces the figures may be taken as representing practically all spruce, which in Ontario comprises 100,000,000,000 ft. of the total; in Quebec 150,000,000,000 ft.; in New Brunswick 16,500,000,000 ft., and in Nova Scotia 15,000,000,- ooofeet. In British Columbia Douglas fir is the dominant timber tree, the rest of the cut being made up of cedar, spruce and one or two minor varieties.

TABLE VI. Timber, in feet.

British Columbia ' 366,000,000,000

Prairie Provinces 60,000,000,000

Ontario 160,000,000,000

Quebec 275,000,000,000

New Brunswick 22,000,000,000

Nova Scotia 20,000,000,000

903,000,000,000

1 British Columbia is credited with 366,000,000,000 ft. of com- mercial timber, but her own forestry experts have estimated it at 400,000,000,000 ft. and even as high as 450,000,000,000 ft.