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Rh Association, and an original member of the British Academy; becoming its president in 1909. In 1908 he was appointed a trustee of the British Museum. Two years later his health began to fail, and he delivered his last speech on Oct. 21 1910, at the dinner given to celebrate the publication of the i ith edition of the E.B. by the Cambridge University Press. He died in London Dec. 2 1910.

BUTLER, HENRY MONTAGU (1833-1918), English educa- tionist (see 4.882), as master of Trinity, Cambridge, displayed to the full the scholastic and administrative gifts which had distinguished his period as headmaster of Harrow. His best-known work is a volume entitled Sermons Historical and Bio- graphical (1899), but in 1914 he published Some Leisure Hours of a Long Life, which contained excellent classical verse. He died at Cambridge Jan. 14 1918.

See Edward Graham, The Harrow Life of H. M. Butler (1920).

BUTLER, NICHOLAS MURRAY (1862- ), American edu- cator (see 4.885), was elected a member of the American Acad- emy of Arts and Letters in 1911. In 1912 he was chairman of the New York State Republican Convention and also a dele- gate to the Republican National Convention. Vice-President Sherman was renominated but died shortly before the general election, and the Republican electoral votes were cast for Dr. Butler for vice-president, who was overwhelmingly defeated on the ticket with President Taft. On the outbreak of the World War he supported the administration's peace policy as respond- ing " to the best wishes and hopes of the whole people." He criticised the formation of the National Security League on the ground that, in some cases at least, it had business interests back of it; and he disapproved of the organization of the Ameri- can Legion. In 1916, however, he urged America's entrance into the war. The same year he was again a delegate to the Republican National Convention, serving as chairman of the Committee on Resolutions. He favoured woman suffrage and was an advocate of the short ballot. At the Republican National Convention in 1920 he received 69 votes for the presidential nomination on the first ballot, the number gradually falling to two on the tenth and last ballot. As an educator President Butler was a bold critic of many contemporary tendencies in American education. He upheld the old theory of mental discipline, and in the face of the wide-spread vocational movement in schools and colleges re- mained a steadfast and eloquent defender of liberal education. Under his guidance Columbia University became a cosmopolitan institution, its total registration in 1920 approximating 30,000 (see COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY). He was chairman of the National Committee of the United States for the Restoration of the university of Louvain, destroyed by the Germans in 1914. In 1920 he resigned the editorship of The Educational Review, becoming advisory editor. He was the author of Questions of American Freedom (1911); Why Should We Change Our Form of Government? (1912); Progress in Politics (1913); The Meaning of Education (1915, enlargement of the work published in 1898); A World in Ferment (1917, interpretations of the war for a new world); Is The World Worth Sailing? (1920); Scholarship and Service (1921).

BUTLER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS (1838-1910), English soldier and author (see 4.888), died in Tipperary June 7 1910.

BUTT, CLARA (1873- ), English contralto singer, was born at Southwick, Sussex, Feb. i 1873. She received her musical training at the Royal College of Music, and made her debut in a students' performance of Gluck's Orfeo at the Lyceum theatre, London, in 1892. She possessed a con- tralto voice of exceptional power and wide range, and from the first became a public favourite as a ballad and oratorio singer. In 1900 she married the singer Kennerley Rumford (b. 1870), and with him sang constantly at concerts in all parts of Great Britain, also undertaking various long tours in the colonies. During the World War she devoted the proceeds of many of her concerts to war charities, and was in 1917 created D.B.E.

BUXTON, SYDNEY CHARLES BUXTON, 1ST VISCOUNT ( J 8S3- ), British politician and administrator, was born in London Oct. 25 1853, the grandson of Sir Thomas Powell Buxton, ist Bart. He was educated at Clifton and Trinity College, Cambridge, and afterwards entered public life, becoming a member of the London School Board in 1876. He was Liberal M.P. for Peterborough from 1883 to 1885, and for Poplar from 1886 till 1914. From 1892 to 1895 he was Under- secretary for the Colonies. From 1905 to 1910 he was Postmas- ter-General, and from 1910 to 1914 President of the Board of Trade. In 1914 he was appointed High Commissioner and Governor-General of South Africa, being raised to the peerage as Viscount Buxton. He retired from this office in 1920.

Lord Buxton published Handbook to Political Questions (1880); Finance and Politics: An Historical Study (1783-188$) (1888); Handbook to the Death Duties (with G. S. Barnes, 1890); Political Manual (4th ed. 1891) ; Mr. Gladstone as Chancellor of the Exchequer (1901); The Fiscal Question (1904).

BYNG, JULIAN HEDWORTH GEORGE BYNG, 1ST BARON (1862- ), British general, was born Sept. n 1862, son of the 2nd Earl of Strafford, and joined the loth Hussars in India in 1883. He saw his first active service on the Red Sea littoral a year later, when his regiment disembarked there on their way home. He passed through the Staff College, and was a major when the South African War broke out ; he was then sent on special service to the Cape. He raised and commanded the South African Light Horse, which formed part of the Natal army and was at the relief of Ladysmith. Subsequently he commanded a column with marked success and was rewarded with promotion to the ranks of brevet lieutenant-colonel and colonel. After the war he commanded his regiment for two years, was then for a year in charge of the cavalry school, and was at the head of a cavalry brigade from 1907-9, when he was promoted major-gen- eral. He spent two years in charge of a Territorial division and then, in 1912, he was sent to Egypt to take command of the army of occupation.

In Oct. 1914 he was summoned home to take the 3rd Cav- alry Div. to France, and he succeeded to the command of the Cavalry Corps in June 1915. But two months later he was despatched to the Dardanelles to take charge of the IX. Army Corps there and he became responsible for the Suvla area, from which he withdrew his troops most skilfully in the following December. For this valuable service he received the K.C.M.G., his corps proceeding to Egypt; but he was almost immediately called back to the western front to take over the XVII. Army Corps, and in May 1916 he was transferred from this to the Canadian Army Corps, then formed, which he commanded for a year. The Dominion troops under his orders distinguished themselves on several occasions, especially in their capture of Vimy Ridge on April 9 1917. He had been pro- moted lieutenant-general for distinguished service in 1916 and was given the K.C.B.

In June 1917 he succeeded to the leadership of the III. Army, which he retained till the close of hostilities. Towards the end of Nov. he carried out the brilliantly successful surprise at- tack on the Cambrai front for which he was promoted full general, though the German counterstroke in Dec. largely re- gained the lost ground. Remaining on this front in the winter of 1917-8, his forces were on the left of the V. Army in the battles of March 1918 and were to some extent involved in its defeat, but they remained unbroken and eventually it was on their front that the enemy's attack first came to a definite standstill. Five months later they bore their full share in breaking the Hindenburg line and in the general advance. For his services Byng was raised to the peerage as Baron Byng of Vimy and Stoke-le-Thorpe, and he received a grant of 30,000. He retired from the army in 1919, and in June 1921 was appointed to suc- ceed the Duke of Devonshire as governor-general of Canada.

BYWATER, INGRAM (1840-1914), English classical scholar (5664.906), died in London Dec. 17 1914. He was a great collector of books, especially early printed Greek books, and he left a bequest to provide for the study of Byzantine Greek at Oxford.

See W. W. Jackson, Memoir of Ingram Bywater (1919).