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514 declared that he would not leave the party. For the most important " progressive " measures adopted by the United States in recent years, the popular election of senators, an income tax, the requirement of publication of ownership and circulation by newspapers, the creation of a Department of Labor, national prohibition and woman suffrage, Bryan la- boured earnestly, and their adoption was due in part at least to his popular persistent appeal.

BRYANT, SOPHIE (1850- ), British educationist, was born in Dublin Feb. 15 1850, the daughter of the Rev. W. A. Willock. She was educated privately, but later gained a schol- arship to Bedford College, London, where she graduated with honours in mathematics and moral science (1881). At the age of 19 she married Dr. William Hicks Bryant, of Plymouth, but on his death a year later resumed her work, and in 1884 took the degree of D.Sc. in moral science, being the first woman to take that degree. In 1875 she became mathematical mistress at the North London Collegiate school for girls, and in 1895 succeeded Miss Buss as its headmistress. Dr. Bryant served on the royal commission on secondary education (1894), and was a member of various educational committees. She retired from her post at the North London Collegiate school in 1918.

She published, besides many articles on scientific and educational subjects, Educational Ends (1887); The Teaching of Morality in the Family and the School (1897) and How to Read the Bible in the Twen- tieth Century (1918) ; besides Celtic Ireland (1889), and The Genius of the Gael (1913).

BRYCE, JAMES BRYCE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1838- ), British jurist, historian, politician and diplomatist (see 4.699), remained in the United States as British ambassador till 1913, a period of six years. The appointment, criticised at the time as with- drawing from the regular diplomatic corps one of its most coveted posts, proved a great success. The United States had been in the habit of sending, as minister or ambassador to the Court of St. James's, one of its leading citizens a statesman, a man of letters, or a lawyer whose name and reputation were already well known in Great Britain. For the first time Great Britain responded in kind. Mr. Bryce, already favourably regarded in America as the author of a classical work on the American Commonwealth, made himself thoroughly at home in the country; and, after the fashion of American ministers or ambassadors in England, he took up with eagerness and suc- cess the r61e of public orator on matters outside party politics, so far as his diplomatic duties permitted. These duties he per- formed to the satisfaction of his own Government and the Gov- ernment to which he was accredited. The difficulty between America and Newfoundland about fisheries was referred to the Hague Tribunal for final settlement. Most of the questions with which he had to deal related to the relations between the United States and Canada, and in this connexion he paid several visits to Canada to confer with the governor-general and his ministers. He was criticised, both in England and in Canada, for for- warding, in 1911, in the course of his duties as ambassador, an arrangement for reciprocity between the two North Ameri- can states; but' the general election, which substituted Sir R. Borden as Prime Minister of Canada for Sir W. Laurier, put an end to the negotiations. At the close of his embassy he told the Canadians that probably three-fourths of the business of the British embassy at Washington was Canadian, and of the ii or 12 treaties he had signed nine had been treaties relating to the affairs of Canada. " By those nine treaties," he said, " we have, I hope, dealt with all the questions that are likely to arise between the United States and Canada questions relating to boundary; questions relating to the disposal and the use of boundary waters; questions relating to the fisheries in the international waters where the two countries adjoin one another; questions relating to the interests which we have in sealing in the Behring Sea, and many other matters." He could boast that he left the relations between the United States and Canada on an excellent footing.

For his services he was created a viscount in 1913, and in 1914 his old university, Oxford, gave him an honorary degree.

Along with other English scholars, who had ties of close associa- tion with German learning and German savants, he was extreme- ly reluctant in the last days of July 1914 to contemplate the possibility of war with Germany; but the violation of Belgian neutrality and the outrages committed in Belgium by German troops brought him speedily into line with national feeling. He was appointed chairman of a strong committee to consider the evidence of such outrages not only in Belgium but in France; and his report convinced the most incredulous of the reality of the charges. He welcomed warmly the entrance of the Ameri- cans into the war in the spring of 1917. He also presided, as an eminent constitutional lawyer, over a committee set up in that year to consider the reconstruction of the House of Lords, and spent much labour in a task which all parties were disposed to shirk. During these latter years he was largely engaged on the composition of a valuable book, published in two substantial volumes, in 1921, on Modern Democracies, a comparative study of a certain number of popular governments in their actual working. For this monumental work he had been gathering material for several years before the war. Besides visiting Switzerland and other parts of Europe, he availed himself of his experiences in the United States and in Canada, and jour- neyed to Spanish America, Australia and New Zealand. Lord Bryce married, in 1880, Elizabeth Marion, daughter of Thomas. Ashton, of Hyde, and sister of the ist Lord Ashton of Hyde. He was appointed O.M. in 1907 and G.C.V.O. in 1918.

BUCCLEUCH, WILLIAM HENRY WALTER MONTAGU-DOUGLAS-SCOTT, 6th DUKE OF (1831-1914), British politician (see 4.712), died at Montagu House, Whitehall, Nov. 5 1914. He married in 1859 Lady Louisa Hamilton, daughter of the 1st Duke of Abercorn, and one of the seven sisters depicted by Disraeli in Lothair. She was an intimate friend of the royal family, and was mistress of the robes to Queen Victoria and Queen Alexandra. She died at Dalkeith March 17 1912.

BUCHAN, ALEXANDER (1829-1907), British meteorologist, was born at Kinneswood, Kinross, April 11 1829. He was educated at the Free Church normal school and the university of Edinburgh. From 1848 to 1860 he worked as a teacher, but in 1860 was appointed secretary to the Scottish Meteorological Society, and in 1869 published his first series of monthly charts showing the mean distribution of atmospheric pressure over the globe, which remained for many years a landmark in the progress of meteorology. In 1878 he became curator of the library of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and in 1887 a mem- ber of the meteorological council of the Royal Society. He published a Handy Book of Meteorology (1867); Introductory Textbook of Meteorology (1871); besides a report on The Weather and Health of London (with Sir Arthur Mitchell), and edited sections on Oceanic Circulation (1895) and the volume on Atmospheric Circulation (1889) in the voyage of H.M.S. " Challenger." He received the Makdougall-Brisbane prize (1876) and the Gunning Victoria Jubilee prize (1893) of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, besides the Symons medal of the Royal Meteorological Society, and was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1898. He died at Edinburgh May 13 1907.

BUCHAN, JOHN (1875- ), British author, was born at Perth Aug. 26 1875, the son of the Rev. John Buchan. He was educated at Glasgow University and Brasenose College, Oxford, where he won the Stanhope historical essay prize (1897) and the Newdigate prize for poetry (1898), and graduating first class in literae humaniores (1899). In 1901 he became private secretary to Lord Milner, then High Commissioner for South Africa, and remained with him till 1903. In 1906 he joined the Edinburgh publishing firm of Thomas Nelson & Sons. Even as an undergraduate he had " commenced author" with Sir Quixote (1895), and he followed this with other tales and novels. His African experiences suggested The African Colony (1903), A Lodge in the Wilderness (1906), and Prester John (1910). During the World War he served with the headquarters staff of the British army in France (1916-7), attaining the rank of colonel, and later was Director of Information under the Prime Minister (1917-8), and his History of