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Rh as well as the Putterie quarter near the university, were demolished in order to make room for a new central station, which project, however, seemed in 1920 unlikely to materialize, the Nord-Midi junction being abandoned. Numerous banks 'were established in the upper town in the rue Royale and Place Royale. In the Schaerbeek area, new arterial roads were made and the Pare Josa- phat was endowed with a fine sports ground. The palace of the Count of Flanders became the Banque de Bruxelles, and, in Nov. 1918, the city acquired the palace of the Due d'Arenburg, and gave it again its old name of Palais d'Egmont.

The harbour works planned in 1896 for making Brussels an in- land seaport, including the widening of the canal and the construc- tion of three large basins, the largest of which, the Vergote basin, has 20,000 metres of quayage were completed in 1908. These being found inadequate, the construction of a vast outer port in the plain between Laeken and Vilrode was begun. As an outcome of this undertaking, Laeken was brought within the city area.

The German occupation of the capital during the World War extended from Aug. 1914 to Nov. 1918. General Sixt von Armin's troops entered on Aug. 20, and on Sept. 2 Field-Marshal von der Goltz was appointed governor-general of Belgium, but was succeeded by General von Bissing in 1915. Numerous social relief movements were instituted outside of German intervention; among them the Comitg National de Secours had its headquarters at Brussels, and with the aid of Mr. Hoover's American committee organized the feeding of the Belgian population. On the suppression of Allied newspapers, a patriotic journal, La Libre Belgique, was secretly printed in Brussels and widely circulated during the war, the Germans being unable to discover the press from which it issued. Among the many infamous executions, that of Philippe Baucq and of Nurse Edith Cavell stand out. A revolt of German soldiers against their officers broke out on Nov. 10 1918, and a violent conflict occurred in the Place Roger opposite the Gare du Nord. The Belgian army reoccupied Brussels on Nov. 18 1918, and the King and Queen reentered the city in state on Nov. 22.

BRUSSILOV, ALEXEI (1856-), Russian general, was born in 1856. His military career began in the Caucasus. His courage and capacities brought him to notice in the war with Turkey in 1877-8. The greater part of his military life was passed at the cavalry school for officers in St. Petersburg, of which he became director in 1900. Well acquainted with cavalry technique, of great erudition, he was very useful in this capacity. In 1905 General Brussilov commanded the second guard cavalry division, in 1909 an army corps, and somewhat later he was assistant to the commander-in -chief of the Warsaw military district. At the beginning of the World War he was nominated commander of the Russian VIII. Army, which acted with brilliant success in Galicia in 1914 and 1915. General Brussilov's reputation grew steadily, and in the winter of 1915-6 he was called to the command of the armies of the south-western front. During the summer of this year he conducted the great offensive in Galicia, which resulted in the capture of over 450,000 prisoners with enormous booty and trophies, and the relief of the Italian army by the withdrawal of considerable enemy forces thence to meet the crisis of Lutsk. In May 1917 after the revolution he was appointed to the supreme command, but he did not hold the appointment long. Later, he accepted the Bolshevik regime, and was often, though erroneously, reported to be in supreme command of the Bolshevik armies during the wars of 1919-20.

BRYAN, WILLIAM JENNINGS (1860-), American political leader (see 4.697), announced that he was not a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1912, but he attended the Democratic convention, and it was largely owing to his personal influence and his large popular following that the nomination went to Woodrow Wilson. In 1913 he was appointed by President Wilson Secretary of State, and from the start devoted much attention to the negotiation of peace treaties with foreign countries. He declared that America should wage no war while he was Secretary. Soon after entering office he went to California and urged, unsuccessfully, that the state Legislature and the governor delay action on the proposed Webb anti-alien land ownership bill, so displeasing to the fapanese Government. In 1914 he supported the repeal of the

Panama Canal tolls bill, which excluded American coastwise shipping from the payment of fees. After the outbreak of the World War he was deeply interested in attempts to restore peace. His attitude toward foreign war loans was clearly expressed in an announcement from the Department of State (Aug. 15 1914), that " There is no reason why loans should not be made to the governments of neutral nations, but in the judgment of this Government loans by American bankers to any foreign nation which is at war is inconsistent with the true spirit of neutrality." When, however, in Dec. of the same year, Senator Hitchcock introduced a bill to lay an embargo on the shipment of arms, the Secretary informed the British ambas- sador that it had not been introduced " at the suggestion of the administration"; and later, in 1915, in a letter " to the German Americans " he declared that it would have been in violation of the laws of neutrality to change international rules during war by forbidding the exportation of arms. After the sinking of the " Lusitania," in 1915, he signed the first strong note of protest to Germany. Upon the receipt of the German reply, and while the second note was being prepared, Dr. Dumba, the ambassador of Austria-Hungary, called at the Department of State and asked Secretary Bryan why the United States dealt more harshly with Germany than with Great Britain. The Secretary replied that Great Britain had only interfered with the commerce of the United States while Germany had drowned its citizens. This plain statement was ignorantly or wantonly misinterpreted by some German official, and the report was widely spread that Mr. Bryan had said that the note was for " home consumption," and not to be taken too seriously. There was, however, abso- lutely no truth in this report, even Dr. Dumba denying it in a dispatch to his Government. When the President wrote his second " Lusitania " note, Secretary Bryan resigned, June 8 1915, saying in his letter of resignation: " You have prepared for transmission to the German Government a note in which I cannot join without violating what I deem to be an obligation to my country."

During his term of office he had negotiated 30 treaties with foreign nations, requiring the submission of disputes to impartial inquiry and a delay of a full year for arbitration before going to war. Such a treaty had not been concluded with Germany, but was under consideration when interrupted by the World War. As Secretary he was often criticised because of numerous paid engagements on the lecture platform, undertaken, he said, to supplement his inadequate salary; but it was never shown that he was less attentive to the demands of his office than any predecessor. He continued, after his resignation, to work in the interests of peace; opposed the Anglo-French war loan; attacked the Navy League and the National Security League; and tried to resist the growing demand for preparedness in America. In 1916 he was defeated in Nebraska as candidate for delegate-at-large to the Democratic National Convention. He went, however, as a reporter and gave full support for the renomination and later the reelection of President Wilson. From the announcement by Germany of the resumption of submarine warfare to the actual declaration of war, he favoured any measure that would keep America out of war no matter how largely it involved the surrender of American rights on the sea. But when war was declared he asked to be enrolled as a private, though then 57 years of age; urged loyal support of the President's war measures; and in his own paper, The Commoner, strongly condemned obstruction of the selective draft as well as abuse of liberty of speech. He supported the League of Nations but thought that the Monroe Doctrine should be specifically recognized. He desired a constitutional amendment changing the two-thirds vote required in the Senate for making a treaty, so that the country could get out of war as easily as it got in. In 1920 he attended as a reporter for his paper both the Republican and the Democratic National Conventions and worked in vain for a dry plank in their platforms. The same year he was tendered the presidential nomination of the Prohibition party but declined. He was disappointed with the nomination of James M. Cox as Democratic candidate, but