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492

IMPOHTS FROM

1915

1916

1917

1918

1919

United States ... .

9,651,305

15,840,605

21,065,302

18,984,413

37,422,752

Great Britain ... ..

6,596,897

8,228,784

7,979,264

10,783,721

12,737,231

Argentina ... . :

4,786,628

5,675,425

5-791,925

10,020,245

12,032,250

France .... ..

1,486,525

2,095,378

1,785,118

2,518,993

2,967,405

Portugal .... ..

1,490,323

1,872,049

1,435,574

2,027,917

2,364,524

Italy. .

1,327,013

1,410,597

878,005

1,126,521

1,067,111

Newfoundland. ..

647,229

691,195

746,686

1,283,556

1,232,676

India .... ..

560,746

651,783

984,414

661,977

1,691,720

Norway .... ..

500,095

411,104

360,547

229,830

380,767

Germany .... ..

458,285

17,729

48,049

201,033

Uruguay .... ..

447,344

600,566

867,678

2,208,341

1,741,645

c Spain .... ..

431,883

469,222

601,252

937-184

872,483

Switzerland ... ..

318,453

512,430

349,722

407,850

415,621

Sweden .... ..

265,436

526,482

398,069

498,152

879,024

Canada ... .

245,353

268,692

236,668

222,922

253,487

Netherlands ... ..

206,807

241,562

46,397

63,093

314,190

Mexico .... ..

142,500

257,270

187,241

334,342

555,333

Denmark .... ..

'131,652

228,666

79,684

41,464

28,387

Paraguay .... .

66,690

41,684

64,604

9,727

23,838

Belgium .... .

51,777

57,959

22,191

110,132

Austria-Hungary. . ..

39,678

304

86

4,646

Japan .... .

io,759

23,321

72,321

326,226

500,624

EXPORTS TO

1915

1916

1917

1918

1919

United States

22,149,556

25,831,905

28,013,136

21,287,015

54,079,947

Great Britain

6,475,698

6,493,249

7,811,815

6,168,829

9,483,666

France

6,031,852

8,899,577

8,325,754

5,564,065

27,267,743

Sweden

4,775,722

1,531,800

77,674

290,179

3,337,429

Netherlands

3,369,821

1,684,819

320,347

4,090,386

Argentina

2,692,439

3,393,699

5,707,387

9,296,626

5,836,881

Uruguay

1,796,54

2,698,549

4,685,202

6,362,338

5,708,210

Italy.

1,662,748

3,401,060

4,853,614

6,421,278

3,821,439

Norway

1,568,316

294,578

296,757

512,723

1,016,129

Denmark

1,221,285

414,134

156,863

99,546

2,386,736

Portugal

486,117

313,600

273,807

554,625

693,138

Cape Colony

379,973

440,774

612,379

478,834

577,095

Spain

3 8, 6 75

446,859

852,745

1,332,927

2,028,899

Egypt

263,858

91,094

291,284

174,769

365,175

Greece. . . ..

203,844

4,700

37,363

438,567

Chile

147,390

151,429

150,976

186,684

337,127

Cuba

43,865

140,672

269,161

200,233

185,053

Belgium

323,434

4,740,757

Austria-Hungary

I35,4i8

444,963

Germany

23

-

701,497

Approximate figures for the year 1913 provide means of com- parison with conditions before the outbreak of the World War.

Imports from: Exports to:

Great Britain 16,450,000 8,587,500

Germany 11,747,000 9,141,000

United States 10,562,000 21,121,000

France 6,577,500 7,966,500

Argentina 5,003,000 3>57,5oo

Belgium 3,435,ooo 1,657,500

Portugal 2,950,500 327,000

Italy. . ' 2,546,500 837,500

Uruguay 1,451,000 1,064,000

Austria- Hungary .... 1,015,000 3,i3',5Oo

Newfoundland 788,500

Netherlands 728,500 4,788,500

Norway 709,500 100,000

Spain. . . ^ . . . 642,000 367,000

India 552,500

Sweden 294,500 658,000

Among the leading imports of Brazil are iron and steel manufac- tures, machinery, railway supplies, coal, kerosene, cement, cotton goods, foodstuffs, and raw materials and articles for use in the arts and industries.

The principal ports of entry are Rio de Janeiro and Santos, but Para, Pernambuco, Bahia, Porto Alegre and Rio Grande have a large and increasing foreign trade.

Shipping. The Brazilian merchant marine increased but slowly in 1910-20, except for the German steamers seized during the war. Brazilian shipping in 1911 consisted of 238 steamers of 130,582 tons net, and 290 sailing vessels with a net tonnage of 60,728. At the end of 1917 there were 405 steamers of 236,535 tons net, and 54 sailing ships representing 17,920 tons net. Brazil in that year took over all the German ships interned in her ports at the outbreak of war in 1914, a total of 45 vessels with a net tonnage of 148,255. Thirty were leased to France, the rest turned over to the Lloyd Brasileiro, which considerably expanded its foreign service, especially to the United States.

Communications. The railways of Brazil, aggregating 13,271 m. of track in 1910, had increased in 1917 to 17,159 m., with 2,223 ro- under construction and 4,697 m. projected. The states having the greatest railway mileage were Sao Paulo, Minas Geraes, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul and Bahia which together contain over 70 % of the mileage of the republic. One of the most extensive systems is the Central of Brazil, a Government-owned and operated property, connecting the federalized district with the states of Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo and Minas Geraes. The total length of the line in 1917 was 1, 466 miles. In that year it carried 32,639,600 passengers, 2,388,000 tons of freight, and 530,000 head of live stock.

Owing to the wide separation of the principal centres t>f population along the coast, Brazilian railways have developed as a series of independent systems. Thus Pernambuco became the focus of one system, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Santos, and Rio Grande do Sul of others. For some time the need was recognized of connecting the various systems by interior lines running N. and S., to afford com- munication independently of the sea, and to stimulate internal settle- ment and trade. Such plans have been carried out N. and S. of Pernambuco (from Natal to Maceio), and from Rio de Janeiro N. to Victoria and S. to the Uruguayan frontier, where connexion was made in 1913 with Uruguay Central. It is therefore possible to travel by rail from Rio direct to Montevideo, a distance of 1,967 miles.

Construction, however, was not limited to the coastal region. In 1916 a line of considerable importance was completed between Itapura on the Parana river and Porto Esperanca near Corumba on the Bolivian frontier, the principal city of the state of Matto Grosso. The resulting direct rail connexion with the state of Sao Paulo reduced the time between Rio and Corumba to six days, in place of a trip by water of from six to eight weeks. Extensions of the Rio system northwestward into the state of Goyaz and of the system of Ceara were planned or under construction in 1921. The Madeira- Mamor6 line, passing round the dangerous falls of the Madeira river, was practically completed in 1912. Driven through deep forest in a deadly climate, it is one of the most costly railways in the world. It is 182 m. in length and of great importance for the Acr6 territory and Bolivia.