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Rh Langworthy professor of physics in the university of Man- chester. The joint work of father and son has gone far towards elucidating the arrangements of atoms in crystals, an achieve- ment rendered possible by their development of the X-ray spectrometer. During the World War Sir William Bragg's services were placed at the disposal of the Admiralty, where he served in an advisory capacity; he was more especially asso- ciated with the problem of submarine detection. His public services of a confidential nature were acknowledged by the bestowal of the C.B.E. in 1917 and by his creation as K.B.E. in 1920. In the same year he was elected an hon. fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and served as president of the Physical Society of London.

In addition to many publications, chiefly upon radioactivity, in the Philosophical Magazine and the Proceedings of the Royal So- ciety, he has written The World of Sound (1920), a compilation of a series of lectures given to a juvenile auditory at the Royal Institution in 1919 and, in collaboration with W. L. Bragg, X-Rays and Crystal Structure (1915).

BRAMLEY, FRANK (1857-1915), English painter, was born near Boston, Lines., May 6 1857. He studied art at Lincoln and later at Antwerp, first exhibiting in the Academy in 1884. Bramley became one of the best-known members of the group of English painters known as the Newlyn school, and in 1888 his picture, " A Hopeless Dawn," was bought under the terms of the Chantrey bequest. He became A.R.A. in 1894, and was elected R.A. in 1911, being also a gold medallist of the French Salon. He died at Chalford Hill Aug. 10 1915.

BRANDEIS, LOUIS DEMBITZ (1856- ), American lawyer and jurist, was born in Louisville, Ky., Nov. 13 1856. He was educated in the public schools of his native city and at the Annen Realschule, Dresden, Germany. He graduated from the* Harvard Law School in 1877, was admitted to the bar in 1878, and practised in Boston from 1879 to 1916. As a member of the Public Franchise League he took an ac- tive part in preserving municipal control of the Boston subway. He was instrumental in securing the passage of the Boston Sliding Scale Gas Act and was a pioneer in the move- ment for establishing life insurance through savings banks. He opposed the monopoly of transportation by the New Haven railway in New England. He was much interested in labour legislation, acting as counsel for the people in cases involving the constitutionality of fixing hours of labour and a minimum wage in several states. In 1915 he acted successfully as counsel for the Government in the suit brought by the Riggs National Bank in which the bank charged the Secretary of the Treasury and the Comptroller of the Currency with conspiring to wreck it. In Jan. 1916 he was appointed by President Wilson to succeed the late Justice Lamar as associate justice of the United States Supreme Court, being the first Jew to attain this position. He was the author of Other People's Money and Business as a Pro- fession, besides numerous articles on public franchise, business efficiency, labour and trusts. He was prominent in Zionism and in 1914 was made chairman of the provisional committee for Zionist affairs.

BRANDES, GEORG MORRIS COHEN (1842- ), Danish critic (see 4.427). The complete popular edition of his works was published in Copenhagen in 18 vols. between 1899 and 1910, and the German edition appeared in Munich in 8 vols. between 1902 and 1904. His later monographs include Armand Carrel (1911); Goethe (1915); Voltaire (1916); Napoleon and Garibaldi (1917) and Caius Julius Caesar (1918). He produced in 1919 a study of the Schleswig-Holstein question, S onderjylland under projsisk Tryk (South Jutland under Prussian Tyranny), and a drama, Tragediens anden Del. Fredslutningen.

BRANGWYN, FRANK (1867- ), English painter (see 4.430). Among his later works are decorations for the Courts of Justice, Cleveland, U.S.A., and the new Parliament building at Winnipeg, Canada. He also decorated the Court of the Seasons at the Panama-Pacific Exposition, San Francisco, and in 1921 was engaged on work for the State Capitol of Missouri at Jefferson City.

BRANTING, HJALMAR (1860- ), Swedish statesman, was born in 1860. As a student he seemed at first destined for a scientific career. He early devoted himself to astronomy and for a period he acted as junior official in the observatory of Stock- holm. His keen interest in political and social questions, how- ever, soon drew him into journalism and into active politics, and he threw in his lot with the then small group of Social Demo- crats in Sweden. In 1886 he assumed control of the weekly journal Socialdemokraten, their leading organ, which later was converted into a daily. In 1888 he was condemned to a short term of imprisonment on account of his articles. He was elected a member of the Second Chamber of the Riksdag in 1896. An able speaker and tactician, he exercised in Sweden an influence proportionate to the growing numbers of his supporters. He joined the Eden Government in the autumn of 1917 as finance minister, and when this ministry fell in 1920 Branting became prime minister and formed an entirely Social-Democratic ad- ministration which, however, resigned office in the autumn of the same year (see SWEDEN). Meanwhile he had played an important role in international labour politics. He acted as representative of Swedish Social Democracy at all the congresses of the First International, and in the summer of 1917 he was chairman of the Dutch-Scandinavian delegation which sat in Stockholm and conferred in turn with delegations from the Socialist parties of most of the belligerent countries with a view to devising a platform for joint intervention by them in the interests of peace, the moving power being Camille Huysmans, the secretary to the International. Their efforts were unavailing. In Jan. and Feb. 1919 Branting was chairman of the International Social-Democratic Conference in Berne, at which British, French and Germans met for the first time since the war. He was a member of the executive committee of the Second International, which later sat in London with Mr. Henderson as its chairman. He had taken an active part in most of the Scandinavian workmen's congresses since 1886; and at the ninth congress in Copenhagen in 1920 he introduced the question of "democracy and dictatorship," the debate on which ended with the passing of a resolution by a solid majority, representing up to 800,000 organized workmen, against a small Norwegian minority, disapproving of the Bol- shevik policy and adhering to the Second International.

Branting took a warm interest in the claim of the inhabitants of the Aland Is. to be allowed to decide the permanent position of the islands by means of a plebiscite, and he represented Sweden in this matter at the first attempt in Paris in 1919 to secure a decision from the Supreme Council, at the consideration of the problem by the Council of the League of Nations in London in July 1920, in Paris in Sept. 1920, and at Geneva in July 1921 (as Sweden's leading delegate). He was Sweden's leading dele- gate also at the first meeting of the League of Nations at Geneva in Dec. 1920 and chairman of the sixth commission which dealt with the questions of disarmament, of blockade and of mandates. He was elected by the Council a member of the " Commission temper air e pour la reduction des armements," for the carrying-out of which the commission made an appeal.

BRASSEY, THOMAS BRASSEY, 1ST EARL (1836-1918),, British politician (see 4.435), who was created an earl in 1911, died in London Feb. 23 1918. He was succeeded by his son, THOMAS ALLNUTT BRASSEY (b. 1863), who died in London Nov. 12 1919. The 2nd earl left no children, and the title became extinct.

BRAUN, HEINRICH (1854- ), German Social Democrat and writer on social questions, was born Nov. 23 1854 at Leipzig, and studied at Vienna, Gottingen, Berlin and Halle. He successively edited the important Socialist publications, Die neue Zeit; the Archiv filr soziale Gesetzgebung und Verwaltung; Die neue Gesellschaft; and Annalen fur Sozialpolitik und Gesetzgebung. After the revolution and the election of a Prussian Constituent Assembly, Braun was Minister for Agriculture in the Prussian Socialist Ministry formed under the presidency of Hirsch on March 24 1919.

(1865-1916), wife of the above, was one of the most remarkable women Socialists and writers of modern Ger-