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 believed in him and trusted him. Simple, modest, without personal ambition, he had yet the greatest gift in a national leader, personality. His kindliness was transparent, his tem- perament always inclined to compromise, his mind naturally im- partial. In small things he inclined too often to give way. But in the big things his discernment of principle was unerring, his resolution adamant. Greatness was his by right of nature, a greatness recognized and acclaimed in his last years by the world no less than by his own countrymen. (B. K. L.)

BOURASSA, HENRI (1868–), French Canadian politician, was born in Montreal Sept. 1 1868, his mother being a daughter of L. J. Papineau. He became well known at a comparatively early age as an active writer and speaker on the side of the Na- tionalist movement in Canada, and a leader of the younger school of French Canadians. He was elected to the Dominion House of Commons in 1896, but resigned in protest against Canadian participation in the S. African War, 1899; he was re-elected, however, in 1900 and in 190.4. He was a member of the Quebec Legislative Assembly in 1908–12. A gradual severance took place between him and his old chief, Sir Wilfrid Laurier, until in later years he became obsessed with the idea that Laurier's policy was fatal to the best interests of Canada and especially to Quebec. A speaker of extraordinary power and fascination, both in Parliament and on the platform, even Laurier himself could not sway the French Canadians as Bourassa could; and in spite of his extreme views he was heard with respect even in the strongholds of his opponents in Toronto.

BOURCHIER, ARTHUR (1864–), English actor (see 4.329), produced in 1910 Henry VIII. and Macbeth at the Garrick theatre, London, and in the same year joined Herbert Tree at His Majesty's theatre, where both he and his wife played again in these and other Shakespeare plays. He also played lago to Mr. Matheson Lang's Othello in 1920. After the dissolution of his earlier- marriage with Miss Violet Vanbrugh he married in 1918 Miss Kyrle Bellew, with whom he continued to appear in modern melodrama. He acted Old Bill in Capt. Bairnsfather's war play The Belter 'Ole (1917).

BOURCHIER, JAMES DAVID (1850–1920), British publicist, who came of a good Irish family, was born at Bruff, co. Limerick, Dec. 18 1850. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and King's College, Cambridge, and afterwards was for some years an assistant master at Eton. Subsequently joining the staff of The Times, in 1888 he went as special correspondent of The Times to Rumania and Bulgaria, and for nearly 30 years he was its principal representative in south-eastern Europe. In this capacity he established a unique authority for information on Balkan affairs, and was in the confidence of the leading statesmen. He played an important part behind the scenes in the formation of the Balkan League (1911-2); and though from time to time his advice to one party or another proved unpalat- able, his disinterestedness was always as unquestionable as his accurate knowledge of the political issues involved. In the later years before the World War his prepossessions were somewhat markedly on the side of Bulgaria, and even during the war his sympathies were with Bulgaria as a country. He died at Sofia, Dec. 30 1920, and was given a public funeral there. Besides his contributions to The Times he was the author of many review articles, and also of the general articles, historical and descrip- tive, on the different Balkan States and Greece in the nth Edition of this Encyclopaedia.

BOURGEOIS, LEON VICTOR AUGUSTS (1851–), French statesman (see 4.330), became minister without portfolio in the Briand Government during the World War. He took an active interest in the movement for a League of Nations, was appointed to draft its statutes and became president of the French section. He was elected president of the Senate in 1918.

BOURGET, PAUL CHARLES JOSEPH (1852–), French novelist and critic (see 4.331), published after 1910 several new novels, including La Vie passe (1910), Le Sens de la Mart (1915), Lazarine (1917), Nemesis (1918), and Laurence Albani (1920), as well as three volumes of short stories and two plays, La Barricade (1910) and Le Tribun (1912). Two other plays, Un Cas de Conscience (1910) and La Crise (1912), were written by him in collaboration. A volume of critical studies appeared in 1912 and one of travel sketches, Le Demon du Midi, in 1914.

BOURNE, FRANCIS (1861–), English Cardinal and Archbishop of Westminster, was born at Clapham on March 23 1861, and educated at Ushaw, Ware, St. Sulpice (Paris) and the university of Louvain. He was ordained priest in 1884, and in 1889 became rector of the Southwark diocesan seminary which he had founded. In 1895 he was appointed domestic prelate to Pope Leo XIII., and in 1897 Bishop of Southwark. In 1903 he succeeded Cardinal Vaughan as Archbishop of Westminster, and on Nov. 27 1911 was created cardinal (titular of S. Pudenziana) by Pope Pius X.

BOVEY, HENRY TAYLOR (1852–1912), English engineer, was born in Devon in 1852. He was educated at Queen’s College, Cambridge, of which he was afterwards elected fellow. Joining the staff of the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board, he became assistant engineer, but in 1887 was appointed professor of civil engineering and applied mechanics at McGill University, Montreal. In 1909 he was appointed to be the first rector of the Imperial College of Science and Technology in London, but ill- health obliged him to resign the post after a few months. He died at Eastbourne Feb. 2 1912.

BOWELL, SIR MACKENZIE (1823–1917), Canadian statesman (5664.342), died at Belleville, Ont., Dec. 17 1917.

BOWLES, THOMAS GIBSON (1841–), British journalist and politician, was born in London in 1841, and was educated at King's College, London. In 1860 he entered the Inland Revenue office, remaining there until 1868, and afterwards travelled extensively. He subsequently became connected, either as journalist or proprietor, with various newspapers, notably Vanity Fair, The Lady, and offshoots from the last-named periodical. From 1870 to 1871 he was correspondent for the Morning Post in Paris. He was elected as a Conservative for King's Lynn in 1892, and held the seat till 1906, when he was defeated, largely owing to his advocacy of free trade. He was elected for the same seat as a Liberal in 1910, but was unsuccess- ful in the second general election of that year. He became well known as an expert in parliamentary procedure and a critic on public finance. In 1916 he was elected for the southern division of Leicester. Mr. Gibson Bowles was always prominent as an opponent of any diminution of British sea power, and he pub- lished Maritime Warfare (1878); Flotsam and Jetsam (1882); Log of the Nereid (1889) ; The Declaration of Paris of 1856 (1900) and Sea Law and Sea Power (1910).

BOXING: see SPORTS AND GAMES.

BOYLE, JOHN J. (1851–1917), American sculptor (see 4.354), died in New York Feb. 10 1917. He was made an associate member of the National Academy of Design m 1910, and received a silver medal at the Panama-Pacific Exposition, San Francisco, 1915.

BOYLESVE, RENE, the pen-name of TARDIVEAU (1867- ), French novelist, who was born at La Haye Descartes, Indre-et-Loire, April 14 1867. He was educated at Poitiers and Tours, and afterwards adopted literature as a profession. His first work was Le Medecin des Dames de Neans (1896), and henceforth he wrote voluminously, publishing not only novels but many short stories. He is a close observer of the provincial society of France. His later works include Sainte Marie des Flews (1897); Le Parfitm des lies Borromees (1898); L' Enfant a la Balustrade (1904); Le Bel Avenir (1905); Man Amour (1908); Tu n'es plus Rien (1917); and Nymphes dansant avec des Satyres, a volume of tales (1920). He was received into the French Academy on March 20 1919.

BOYNE, LEONARD (1853–1920), Irish actor, was born at Westmeath April 11 1853 and was educated for the army. He first appeared on the stage in Liverpool in' 1870. On May 2 1874 he played John Fern in Progress at the St. James's theatre, London. He played the principal part in Henry Arthur Jones's The Masqucraders in 1894, and appeared in Pinero's The Benefit of the Doubt in 1895. In 1902 he made a success with Miss Marie Tempest in The Marriage of Kitty