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304 Wilson excellent observations were obtained by this means of Capella (hitherto known only as a spectroscopic binary), the separation of the components being 0″·04. A still more interesting application was the measurement for the first time of the angular diameter of a star; this has been accomplished for Betelgeuse (which probably has the greatest angular diameter of any star); a base-line of 10 ft. was required for the disappearance of the fringes. The diameter of Arcturus has also been measured, the fringes disappearing when the base-line was 19 feet.

The photo-electric cell has been the means of great advance in stellar photometry. Films of the alkali metals emit electrons in numbers proportional to the intensity of the light falling on them. The light of a star is allowed to enter a cell coated with such a film and the rate of discharge of electrons is measured with an electrometer. In all other methods of photometry the effect observed is nearly proportional to the magnitude, and the photo-electric method is the only one which shows the luminosity directly and not distorted on a logarithmic scale.

A "Stereocomparator" is often used for detecting large proper motions between two plates taken at different epochs. The plates are arranged so as to be viewed one with each eye and combined stereoscopically; stars which have moved appreciably between the two epochs will betray themselves by appearing to stand out in front of or behind the general plane. In the modification called the "Blink-Microscope" the two plates are viewed in rapid alternation; and a motion or change of brightness of a star is detected by a tell-tale flicker.

.—(1) Hale, ''Astrophys. Jour., 28'', p. 315. (2) ibid. 38, p. 27; Scares, Observatory, 43, p. 310. (3) Abbot, Fowle and Aldrich, ''Astrophys. Jour. 38'', p. 181. (4) Guthnieck and Prager, Veröffentlichungen Berlin-Babelsberg, Bd. I. (5) E. W. Brown, Monthly Notices, 71, p. 438. (6) Dyson, Monthly Notices, 78, p. 452. (7) Jeffreys, Monthly Notices, 76, p. 499. (8) Russell, Nature 93, pp. 227, 252, 281. (9) Adams and Joy, ''Astrophys. Jour., 46, p. 313, 53'', p. 13. (10) Shapley, Princeton Observatory Publications, No. 3. (11) Saha, ''Proc. Roy. Soc., 99A'', p. 135. (12) Jackson and Furner, Monthly Notices, 81, p. 2. (13) Shapley, ''Astrophys. Jour., 44'', p. 274. (14) ''ibid. 40, p. 448; Eddington, Monthly Notices, 79'', pp. 2, 177. (15) Stratton, ''Annals Solar Physics Obs. Cambridge, 4, Pt. I. (16) Kapteyn and Adams, Proc. Nat. Acad. Washington, I, p. 14; Eddington, Observatory, 38'', p. 392. (17) Halm, Monthly Notices, 71, p. 634. (18) Eddington, Monthly Notices, 71, p. 4; Eddington and Hartley, Monthly Notices, 75, p. 521. (19) Schwarzschild, Göttingen Nachrichten (1907) p. 614, (1908) p. 191. (20) Turner, Monthly Notices, 72, p. 387. (21) Boss, Astron. Journ., No. 604. (22) Van Rhijn, Groningen Publications, No. 27. (23) Groningen Publications, No. 29 (24) Shapley, ''Astrophys. Jour., 48'', p. 154. (25) Barnard, ''Astrophys. Jour., 49, p. I. (26) De Sitter, Monthly Notices, 78, p. 3. (27) Glauert, Monthly Notices, 75'', p. 489. (28) Fotheringham, Monthly Notices, 80, p. 578. (29) Charlier, ''Arkiv. för Math. Astr. och Fysik, 12, No. 21; Jeans, Monthly Notices, 76, p. 70; Eddington, Monthly Notices, 75, p. 366, 76'', p. 37. (30) Plummer, Monthly Notices, 71, p. 460, 76, p. 107. (31) Eddington, Monthly Notices, 77, pp. 16, 596; ''Astrophys. Journ., 48'', p. 205.

The following recent books on various branches of the subjecwill be found useful:—C. G. Abbot, The Sun (1912); W. W. Campbell, Stellar Motions (1913); A. S. Eddington, Stellar Movements and the Structure of the Universe (1914); R. G. Aitken, The Binary Stars (1918); J. H. Jeans, Problems of Cosmogony and Stellar Dynamics (1919). Lick Observatory Publications, vol. xiii., is a mine of information as to the Nebulae.

 ATHLETICS: see.

 ATHOS, MOUNT (see 2.851 ).—In the summer of 1913 the monastic communities of Mount Athos were convulsed by the controversy arising out of the heresy of the Name of God. A Russianmonk named Ilarion, in the western Caucasus, had published a book, under the title of In the Mountains of the Caucasus, in which he argued that the name of God, being part of God, is divine, and therefore to be worshipped. The book was printed at the Pechersk monastery at Kiev, esteemed the special press of the Holy Synod, and its popularity is shown by the fact that it passed into three editions. Its teaching as to the name of God, which claimed to be based on the authority of such eminent saints as St. Gregory Palemon and St. Dmitri of Rostov, was welcomed with enthusiasm by the monks of the monasteries of St. Andrew and St. Pentelemon, its chief exponent being Antony Bulatovich, an ex-officer of the Hussars of the Guard, who had become a monk at St. Andrew's.

The crisis began when Archbishop Antony of Volinsk denounced the doctrine as heretical in The Russian Monk. The monks appealed against this to the Holy Synod; but the synod declared against them and ordered the abbots to repress the heresy. The monks thereupon expelled the abbots by force, and their action was approved by the monastery of Vatopedi, the Greek parent house of St. Andrew's. On the appeal of the abbots the dispute was now referred by the Holy Synod to the court of the Patriarch of Constantinople, and the intervention of the Russian Government was invited. The condemnation of the "heretics" by the Patriarch led to their repudiation by the community of Vatopedi, and at the instance of the Russian ambassador at Constantinople the refractory monasteries were subjected to a rigorous blockade.

This failed to subdue the monks, whom the Archbishop of Volinsk described as "a band of soft-brained idiots led by a vainglorious hussar." It was feared that the heresy, if suffered to make headway, would spread like wildfire among the ignorant Russian peasantry, and Archbishop Nikon was sent to Athos to threaten the recalcitrant brethren with severe temporal and eternal penalties should they remain obstinate. But his reception was worse than cold, and the Russian Government determined to take strong measures. On June 24, 200 Russian soldiers landed on Mount Athos, and a month later 600 of the monks were deported to Russia, where they were distributed as prisoners in various monasteries. The Holy Synod decided that the peculiar tenets of Bulatovich and his followers were to be known and condemned as "the heresy of the Name of God."

See The Times, June 19 and 26 1913.

 AUCTION BRIDGE: see.

 AUFFENBERG-KOMAROW, MORITZ, (1852–), Austrian general of infantry, was born in Troppau. As a young staff officer he served in the army which occupied Bosnia in 1878. He later commanded the XV. Army Corps at Serajevo, and in the autumn of 1911 became Minister of War. The ambitious general had many enemies. His active spirit led him to take a vigorous part in the internal politics of the monarchy, his knowledge of the Hungarian and more especially of the Southern Slav question being intimate. He had attracted the attention of the heir to the throne, the Archduke Francis Ferdinand, who had, in spite of much opposition, secured his appointment as Minister of War; but powerful influences forced him to retire after only a year and a quarter's tenure of the office. He won his title in the World War, as the commander of the IV. Army against the Russians, by the brilliant victory of Komarow at the end of Aug. 1914. After the victory Auffenberg succeeded in the difficult operation of completely changing the front of his entire army, with which he moved southwards in time to take part in the second battle of Lemberg; but the superior strength of the enemy made it impossible for him to avert defeat. The general was then called on to resign his command. In April 1915 he was arrested on an accusation of having as War Minister delivered to an unauthorized person a copy of military instructions with a view to speculation on the Exchange, but the court acquitted him.

 AUSTIN, ALFRED (1835–1913), English poet (see 2.938), died June 2 1913 at Swinford Old Manor, near Ashford, Kent. His autobiography appeared in 1911. He was succeeded in the laureateship by Robert Bridges.

 AUSTRALIA (see 2.941).—Including as it does the adjacent island of Tasmania, but exclusive of its Papuan Territory (about 91,000 sq.m.), the area of the Australian Commonwealth was in 1921 computed at 2,974,581 sq.m., 1,149,320 of which, about five-thirteenths of the total, are within the tropical zone. Between 1901, when the Commonwealth was proclaimed, and 1921, there had been three changes affecting the political boundaries of Australia. In 1906 Papua (the British portion of the island of New Guinea) was taken over from the British Government and constituted a Territory of the Commonwealth. In 1909 the Commonwealth took over an area in the S. of New South Wales which was constituted a Federal Territory and on which was to be built the Federal capital. In 1910 the Northern Territory was taken over from S. Australia and constituted a Federal Territory. The effect of the World War in giving to the Australian Commonwealth, as mandatory under the League of Nations, control of what was German New Guinea and of other ex-German posses-