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194 standing. More to the east obstinate fighting took place all through the winter of 1914 and the spring of 1915 at Bagatelle, a small ruined hunting-box. Bagatelle fell into the hands of the Germans, but although the latter penetrated into the woods as far as La Harazee, they were unable to cross the Biesme there. The right of the IV. Army was at a spot called St. Hubert, near the Meurissons stream which ends at Le Four de Paris. Le Four de Paris was under the authority of the III. Army, com- manded by Gen. Sarrail. The V. Army Corps, left of the III. Army, had not been so rapid in its pursuit as the II. Corps; the liaison of the two armies could, therefore, not take place, as had been planned and was desirable, at the crossing-point of La Viergette on the Haute Chevauchee; the crossing-point was taken by the Germans. On Sept. 23 and 24 the V. Corps, which had succeeded in reaching Montblainville, gave way, lost Varennes and allowed the enemy to approach Meurissons and Le Four de Paris.

On Sept. 29 the XVI. German Corps attacked La Chalade, Le Four de Paris and La Harazee simultaneously, and reached the vicinity of the Biesme. It must be noted that, at that same time, Gen. von Strantz's army forced the Hauts de Meuse, entered St. Mihiel, seized Fort Camp des Remains, crossed the Meuse and endeavoured to advance westwards, beyond Chau- voncourt. This meant the envelopment of Verdun, by St. Mihiel and by the Biesme, and was the most critical period of the strug- gle in Argonne. But on Sept. 30 the German g8th was taken by surprise near La Chalade, two of its battalions being completely destroyed, or nearly so. The Germans were driven back to and beyond St. Hubert. Furious fighting went on at Bois de Bolante, La Fille Morte, and Courtes-Chanvres. From Oct. 6 the front was practically fixed in these parts.

On Nov. 20 1914 the roth Div. of the French V. Corps, which was under Gen. Gouraud, became attached to the II. Corps. General Gerard, commanding the II. Corps, then became the real defender of Argonne, while the German facing him was Gen. von Mudra. On Jan. 5 1915 Gen. Gouraud made a suc- cessful attack at Courtes-Chanvres.

The Germans had been greatly assisted, at the outset, by a special trench-warfare materiel from Metz. On the French side the materiel and special mine-warfare units had to be improvised. During the winter of 1914-5 there were no projectiles even for the guns, and those manufactured in haste made the British 75-mm. guns explode.

Shortly after the II. Corps had settled in Argonne the French general-in-chief shifted the limit of the armies. The Aisne now marked the right of the IV. Army, commanded by Gen. de Langle de Gary, and the left of the III. Army, under Gen. Sarrail, whose headquarters were at Ste. Menehould. Ste. Menehould on one side and Varennes on the other were the fountain-head of all orders. Gen. Sarrail in the south, the Ger- man Crown Prince in the north, organized the combats that were more often sacrifices. The Aisne in the west, the Oise and the Verdun region in the east, were the limits of that bloody bat- tlefield where the fighting was conducted in the woods, in trenches which were little more than streams, owing to the extreme damp- ness of the soil. The men were dying from cold and frozen feet ; they were so worn out that the slightest wound became mortal.

It would be tedious to enumerate the units, both large and small, that passed through Argonne, won fame and wore them- selves out. Nevertheless, mention must be made of the Gari- baldi brothers and their legionaries, who, with heroic courage, showed the Germans in a fierce assault that Italian steel is as good as its men.

General Gerard was replaced, on Jan. 15 1915, by Gen. Hum- bert. The latter was appointed commander of the III. Army, after Gen. Sarrail's reverse, in the month of July 1915.

By the month of Feb. 1916 Verdun had become the centre of the gigantic struggle; Argonne was never quite calm, but the fighting there henceforth took the second place; large numbers of men were no longer sacrificed as at the outset. The armaments balanced little by little and, in Argonne especially, when the Germans had no materiel superiority, they no longer dominated in any way.

By a close examination of facts, one may convince oneself that the value of the German armies was due much more to the German war preparations, German material organization for war, than to the value of the soldiers and those in command. Had the Germans been obliged to improvise the defence of Argonne as the French were, they would have been defeated at a very early stage. (V. L. E. C.)

ARIZONA (see 2.544). In 1920 the pop. was 334,162 as against 204,354 in 1910, an increase of 129,808, or 63-5%. This was the largest percentage of increase shown by any state. The pop. of the chief cities was as follows: Tucson, 20,292 (13,193 in 1910), Douglas, 9,916 (6,437 in 191), Bisbee, 9,205 (9,019 in 1910). The average number of inhabitants to the square mile in 1920 was 2-9 as compared with 1-8 in 1910. The rural pop. con- stituted 64-8% of the whole in 1920 as against 69% in 1910.

Agriculture. During the decade ending in 1920 agriculture under- went remarkable changes. There was a considerable increase in the number of acres irrigated, from 320,051 ac. in 1909 to 467,349 ac. in 1919, a gain of 46%. Almost a third of this gain was in Yuma county as a result of the Laguna Dam; the greater portion of the remainder was the result of pumping in other counties. The greatest change was the transition from dairy farming to cotton growing. In 1916 the dairy business reached its height, when the dairy cattle in the Salt River Valley were estimated at 60,000. The introduction of long staple cotton reduced this number to about 8,000 at the end of 1920. The development of the cotton industry was notable; in 1914 there were 13,300 ac. under cultivation, and in 1920, accord- ing to estimate, 180,000 ac. This increase, coupled with the great rise in the price of cotton, caused cotton land to rise from $300 and $400 to $700 and in some instances to $1,000 an acre. The great fall in the price of cotton was expected, if it proved permanent, to result in a return to dairy farming and lower land values.

Minerals. In 1910 Arizona's production of 297,250,538 Ib. of copper placed her first among the producing states. This increased to 559,235,000 Ib. in 1920. The tendency during 1910-20 was toward the development of grade deposits, the Miami Copper Co., the Inspiration Copper Co., the New Cornelia Copper Co., and the Ray Consolidated Copper Co. being conspicuous for this type of work. The older companies such as the Copper Queen, the United Verde, and the Calumet and Arizona copper companies still had high- grade deposits in 1920; but the Copper Queen turned in the direction of low-grade ores, having completed the stripping of Sacramento Hill near Bisbee. The plant for handling this huge low-grade deposit was to be completed in 1921. The yield of gold and silver was not unimportant. Gold production increased from 152,350 oz. in 1910 to 380,034 oz. in 1920; and silver from 2,566,528 oz. in 1910 to 6,098,251 oz. in 1920. Gold production increased mainly because of the output of the Tom Reed and the United Eastern mining companies, the latter producing one-fourth of the total for the state in 1920. Considerable amounts of gold and silver were also obtained in treating copper ore.

Manufactures. The following table shows the growth of manufac- tures:

Number of establishments. Proprietors and firm members. Salaried employees .... Wage earners, average number.

1919 480 416

1.403

8,528

1909

311 261 500 6,441

Capital $101,486,070 $32,872,935

Salaries 3,111,838 798,141

Wages. 12,014,769 5.505,183

Cost of materials 92,645,437 33,600,240

Value of products 120,769,112 50,256,694

Value added by manufacture. . 28,123,675 16,656,454

The principal industries in 1920 were the smelting and refining of copper, cars and general shop construction and repairs by steam rail- way companies, flour-mill and gristmill products, lumber and timber products.

Education. The progress in public education in the decade 1910 20 was greater than the increase in population. In 1916 a high school of the state was for the first time admitted to the North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools. In 1920 there were in the association Id. of the 29 high schools of the state. The growth of the normal schools at Tempe and Flagstaff kept pace in enrolment and equipment with the growth of the public schools. In 1910 there was organized a state school for the deaf, affiliated with the university of Arizona and under its direction. The university of Arizona increased from an enrolment of 84 regular college students in 1910- II to one of 892 for the first semester of 19201. This institution in 1921 was composed of three colleges and two schools on the campus at Tucson: college of Letters, Arts and Sciences; college of Mines and Engineering; college of Agriculture; school of Law and school of Education. The Agricultural Experiment Station, the Arizona bureau of mines, the state pure food laboratory and the state museum were also on the campus. In 1916 the university of Arizona waa