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 the heart less irritable, and entirely annuls the tendency to fibrillation.

Many years ago J. A. McWilliam expressed the opinion that ventricular fibrillation would be found to account for otherwise unexplained sudden death met with in various conditions, and this demonstration of its occurrence under chloroform is the first confirmation of his views.

On this theory the prevention of death under chloroform can be compassed by simple precautions, by making the induction of anaesthesia continuous and expeditious and thereafter continuously maintaining a full degree of narcosis. Chloroform should never be employed if the conditions of the operation forbid the observance of these rules, and especially in those special cases in which a light degree of anaesthesia is required. These rules are practically a reversion to the injunctions of Simpson, who introduced chloroform as an anaesthetic, and his colleague Syme, in whose experience only one case of death occurred in 10,000 administrations.

Ventricular fibrillation is not always fatal; probably in more than half the cases the heart spontaneously recovers its normal beat, but this happy result can only occur in the first minute or two following the onset of fibrillation. After that time the only prospect of recovery is through the performance of cardiac “massage.” This so-called “massage” is a rhythmic manual compression of the heart, producing an artificial circulation; it is combined with an artificial ventilation of the lungs, and so oxygenated blood is supplied to the heart muscle keeping it alive and active, and giving to it a prolonged chance of recovery. In cats this experiment is uniformly successful in bringing about recovery, but in man there have hitherto been only relatively few successes. It appears to be the case that failures have arisen from an imperfect appreciation and application of the principles of cardiac massage, and it is believed that with better knowledge the majority of cases of ventricular fibrillation should prove amenable to this form of treatment.

(A. G. L.)

ANCONA, ALESSANDRO (1835–1914), Italian man of letters (see 1.951), died at Florence Nov. 8 1914. In 1904 he had been made a senator. Many of the most eminent contemporary philologists and students of literary history in Italy had been his pupils.

ANDERSON, ELIZABETH GARRETT (1836–1917), English medical practitioner (see 1.959), died at Aldeburgh, Suff., Dec. 17 1917.

ANDERSON, SIR ROBERT ROWAND (1834–1921), British architect, was born at Forres in 1834, the son of a solicitor. He was educated at Edinburgh and entered the Royal Engineers, where he received his first training as a draughtsman. He subsequently travelled widely in Europe, and later adopted the profession of architect. His first important work was his successful design for the Edinburgh Medical Schools (1875), and this was followed by a succession of important commissions, including those for the offices of the Caledonian railway, Glasgow, and Mount Stuart, Lord Bute's house on the island of Bute (1881-4), the Conservative Club, Edinburgh (1883), the dome of Edinburgh University (1886) and the Scottish National Portrait Gallery (1886-8). He also successfully carried out a series of restorations of Scottish cathedrals, including those of Dunblane Cathedral, Paisley Abbey, Culross Abbey and the interior of Dunfermline Abbey. Many of the best-known monuments in Edinburgh are from his designs, and he was among the architects invited to submit designs for the Imperial Institute (1887), the Queen Victoria Memorial (1901), and the new buildings of the British Museum (1904). In 1901 he was selected to superintend the alterations which were being carried out at Balmoral Castle, and in 1902 he was knighted. Sir Rowand Anderson was in 1876 elected an associate of the Royal Scottish Academy, of which he was in 1896 elected an honorary member. He was also member of the Royal Institute of British Architects and in 1916 was awarded the Royal gold medal for the promotion of architecture. He died at Edinburgh June 1 1921.

ANDORRA (see 1.965) had, in 1913, a pop. of 5,210, distributed in 6 communes embracing 44 villages and hamlets. Alt. ranges from 6,562 ft. to 10,171 ft.; alt. of Andorra la Vella, the capital, 7,500 feet. The trans-Pyreneean railway from Ax-les-Thermes (Chemin de Fer du Midi) to Ripoll will pass within 2 or 3 m. of the frontier. A motor road, made by the French from Ax over the Col de Puymorens (alt. about 6,300 ft.) to Bourg-Madame on the Spanish frontier, is tapped by a branch road (under construction in 1912) entering Andorra at Port d'En-Valira (alt. 7,580 ft.), and running down the Valira valley to the capital.

The revenue of the republic, amounting to about 32,000 pesetas per annum, is derived from the sale of wood from the state forests, the rental of summer pastures, a tax on inns and slaughter-houses, a small tax on cattle and a poll-tax. The two suzerain powers receive a biennial tribute France 1,920 francs and the Bishop of Urgel 920 pesetas; the latter also receives annual gifts in kind from each of the six communes. The principal industry is the raising of cattle, sheep and mules. There is a small tobacco factory at the capital and a considerable amount, of poor quality, is exported to Spain. Wax matches are also made. French and Spanish postage stamps, for the north and south respectively, are in use; the telegraphic arrangements are French. Both French and Spanish coins are current. France has established schools in Andorra, and French influence is in the ascendent.

ANDRASSY, JULIUS, COUNT (1860- ), Hungarian statesman, son of the former Minister of the Interior, was born June 30 1860. Deputy (1885), Secretary of State for the Interior (1892), Minister of the Court (1892), he became Minister of the Interior in 1906. As Minister of the Interior, as well as earlier in connexion with the language of command in the Hungarian army and against the régime of Fejervary, he maintained a severe struggle with the prime ministers Khuen-Hedervary and Stephen Tisza. In 1913 he delivered three speeches in the Hungarian Delegation against the conduct of foreign affairs, and in Parliament he opposed the plan for the centralization of the internal administration of Hungary. At the outbreak of the World War he supported the Tisza ministry, but opposed Burian, the Foreign Minister, on the Polish and the Italian questions. In 1915 he pleaded for peace, and urged a wide extension of the franchise. In 1918, as Foreign Minister, he declared the alliance with Germany dissolved, and desired to conclude a separate peace. He retired from office on Nov. 5, was returned for Miskolcz to the National Assembly in Jan. 1920 as a non-party delegate, and later became leader of the Christian National party. In 1904 he was made an associate of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, in recognition of his distinguished work as a historian.

His works include: Ungarns Ausgleich vom Jahre 1867 (Hungarian and German, crowned by the Academy); Die Ursachen des Bestandes des Ungarischen Staates und dessen verfassungsmassiger Freiheit (3 vols., Hungarian, crowned by the Academy); The Development of Hungarian Constitutional Liberty (English); and in Hungarian and German ''Wer hat den Krieg verbrochen? Interessensolidarität des Deutschtums und Ungartums and Diplomatie und Weltkrieg.'' (E. V. W.)

ANDREE, RICHARD (1835–1912), German geographer (see 1.971), died at Leipzig Feb. 22 1912.

ANGELL, JAMES ROWLAND (1869- ), American educationist, was born at Burlington, Vt., May 8 1869. He was a son of James Burrill Angell (d. 1916), first president of the university of Vermont and fourth president of the university of Michigan (1871–1901). He was educated at the universities of Michigan (A.B. 1890; A.M. 1891) and Harvard (A.M. 1892), and spent a year in Europe, chiefly at Berlin and Halle. In 1913 he was appointed instructor in philosophy at the university of Minnesota. In 1894 he was called to the university of Chicago, remaining there until 1920, as assistant professor of psychology and director of the psychological laboratory, associate professor and, after 1905, professor and head of the department. He was dean of the university faculties after 1911 and acting president during 1918–9. In 1906 he was elected president of the American Psychological Association, in 1914 was exchange professor at the Sorbonne, and in 1915 was special lecturer on psychology at Columbia. After America entered the World War in 1917 he was connected with the adjutant-general's office as member of the committee on classification of personnel in the army. He was also a member of the National Research Council, serving as chairman during 1919-20. In April 1920 he was elected president of the Carnegie Corporation of New York. In 1921 he was elected president of Yale to succeed Arthur T. Hadley, resigned.

He was the author of Psychology (1904; 4th ed. revised, 1908); Chapters from Modern Philosophy (1912) and An Introduction to Psychology (1918).

ANGOLA (see ). A census taken in 1914 gave the pop. as 2,124,000, but this total was based on figures supplied by the natives for the purpose of a hut tax,