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966 Electro-galvanizing. The electrolytic deposition of a coating of zinc, from sulphate solutions, upon iron articles is now a well- established industry in all the leading manufacturing countries.

AUTHORITIES. Apart from articles in technical journals refer- ence may be made to the following books : A. J. Allmand Principles of Applied Electrochemistry; B. Blount, Practical Electrochemistry; A. J. Hale, The Applications of Electrolysis in Chemical Industry; J. B. C. Kershaw, Electrometallurgy; idem, Electrothermal Methods of Iron and Steel Production; Jean Escard, Les Fours Electriques in- dustrielles; idem, L'Electrometallurgie du Per et sesAUiges;V Roden- hauser and I. Schwonawa, Electric Furnaces in the Iron and Steel Industry. (J. B. C. K.) ELGAR, SIR EDWARD (1857- ), English composer (see 9.266), received the O.M. in 1911. His first symphony, produced at Manchester 1908, created a furore and was played upwards of 100 times in a twelvemonth. It was followed by the violin concerto; Falstaff (Leeds); the 2nd symphony in E flat; and all these by a wonderful series of compositions written during the World War. The Spirit of England (poems by Lawrence Binyon), Carillons, a pianoforte quintet, a string quartet in A minor and a 'cello concerto were produced between 1914 and 1920.

His wife, Caroline Alice Roberts, the daughter of Maj.-Gen. Sir Henry Roberts, whom he married in 1889, was herself an accomplished musician and linguist. She was the author of various poems, including In Haven, set to music by her husband in Sea Pictures. She died at Hampstead April 7 1920.

ELGIK, VICTOR ALEXANDER BRUCE, 9th EARL OF (1840- 1917), British statesman (see 9.268), died at Broomhall, Fife, Jan. 18 1917.

ELIOT, CHARLES WILLIAM (1834- ), American educationist (see 9.274), was offered the post of ambassador to England by President Taft in 1909, but preferred to serve his country in a private capacity at home. The same position was tendered him in 1913 by President Wilson and again declined. He continued to take an active part, by writing and speaking, on all the important public questions of the day. His theories as to needed changes in education toward the concrete and practical had great influence upon American schools. The vocational movement, so marked after 1910, was without doubt accelerated by his continued insistence upon the training of the senses of sight, hearing and touch, as being the sources of the best part of knowledge. In 1914 he was elected president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In his educational writings he maintained that the traditional systems had dealt too exclusively with language and literature. In 1916, however, he was awarded a gold medal by the American Academy of Arts and Letters for his literary influence in his educational work. In the field of religion he was an author- itative spokesman on the Unitarian faith. In his later books, The Religion of the Future and Twentieth Century Christianity, he rejected obscure dogma, emphasized freedom in place of authority, and held that the teaching of Jesus had been " the undying root of all the best in human history since He lived," and that He would be the supreme teacher in the new religion, the outcome of which would be the brotherhood of man. Dr. Eliot gave much attention to labour problems and declared that " profit-sharing, combined with cooperative management, in which the employees take active and reasonable part, with cooperative care of health, education and happiness of employees, and with full knowledge by employees of the employers' account, is the only road to industrial peace." He condemned limited output by labour as well as uniform hours and wages. The settling of industrial strife he considered the next important thing after the establishment of a league of nations. He was a strong supporter of President Wilson's administration, and approved his personal appeal to the country in 1918 to return a Democratic Congress. He favoured prohibition as a war measure, and later as an amendment to the Constitution. He wrote in favour of military training after the Swiss method, but maintained that, after a league of nations was formed, no country should be allowed to have an army " whose officers have entered for life the profession of soldier." In 1920 he was an active worker for the Democratic party because he regarded

the immediate adoption of the Covenant of the League of Nations as a moral obligation. He was the author of The Conflict Between Individualism and Collectivism in a Democracy (1910, lectures delivered at the university of Virginia); Some Roads Towards Peace (1914) and numerous articles on educa- tional, religious, political and social questions.

ELLIOTT, HOWARD (1860- ), American railway manager, was born in New York Dec. 6 1860. After graduating from the Lawrence Scientific School, Harvard (C.E. 1881), he was for several years a clerk in various offices of the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy railway. Later he was appointed general freight agent and then general manager of several lines belonging to the Burlington system. In 1902 he became second vice- president of the company and the following year president of the Northern Pacific. In 1913 he was made president of the New York, New Haven & Hartford railway and at the same time chairman of its board of directors. In 1917 he resigned and was made chairman of the committee on intercorporate rela- tions of the New Haven system. The same year he was named by the American Railway Association as one of the six mem- bers of the Railroads War Board. He was again president of the Northern Pacific 1919-20, and then became chairman of its board of directors. He opposed the eight-hour law, urged higher freight rates, and suggested the creation of a depart- ment of transportation, with a secretary in the Cabinet.

ELLIS, ROBINSON (1834-1913), English scholar (see 9.294), died at Oxford Oct. 9 1913. Among his later publications were editions of the Amores of Ovid (1912) and the second book of Ovid's Tristia (1913).

ELWES, GERVASE GARY (1866-1921), English vocalist, son of Valentine Gary Elwes, of Billing Hall, Northants., and Brigg, Lines., was born at Billing Nov. 15 1866. Educated at the Oratory school, Edgbaston, and at Christ Church, Oxford, Gervase Elwes married Lady Winefride Feilding, daughter of the 8th Earl of Denbigh, in 1889, and two years later, on ap- pointment to the diplomatic service, he became honorary attache at Munich, then at Vienna and finally at Brussels. Possessed of a charming tenor voice, he became known as an amateur singer of exceptional ability, and in the three cities named he studied music assiduously, in Vienna under Mandy- czewski-and in Brussels under Demest, while he also paid fre- quent visits to Paris from Brussels in order' further to study under Bouhy. He entered the musical profession while still in the diplomatic service, which he finally abandoned in 1895. As a professional singer he made his first public appearance at the Westmorland Festival in 1903, and in London at a concert of the Handel Society. In London he continued his studies under Victor Beigel, sang with conspicuous success at the Monday " Pops," at the Kruse festival and at provincial festivals. His first representative festival engagement was at Leeds in 1904. In 1907 he toured Germany with Fanny Davies; two years later he sang with the Oratorio Society of New York in Bach's St. Matthew Passion and The Dream of Gerontius, the latter a work with which his name became indissolubly associated. He took part in upwards of 150 performances of it. His intensely deep religious convictions undoubtedly aided him in this work, for he was a very devout Catholic, and in Bach's Passion his performance was exalted. As singer of songs Elwes held an unique position. He excelled in the lieder of Brahms; and to him such English composers as Roger Quilter and Vaughan Williams owed a fair proportion of their success, at least in the beginning. Elwes left England late in 1920 for a long-promised tour of the United States, and he was accident- ally killed at the railway station at Boston on Jan. 12 1921.

EMBRYOLOGY. In the earlier article (see 9.314) the growth of the science of embryology was traced from the period of the Renaissance until the beginning of the 2oth century. It remains here to deal with the more recent discoveries as to the nature and meaning of the developmental process.

The Cell. We take for granted (see CYTOLOGY) a general acquaintance with the structure of the bodies of adult animals. It is now a matter of universal agreement to conceive the active