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Rh paradox, effected no result in any degree adequate to its power. He was a warm and constant friend, and gave many proofs of gratitude to his benefactors.

WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837-      ), English historian and man of letters, was born at Hampstead, London, on the 2nd of December 1837, and was educated in Germany and at the university of Cambridge. In 1866 he was appointed professor of history and English literature in Owens College, Manchester, and was principal from 1890 to 1897, when he retired. He took an active part in the foundation of Victoria University, of which he was vice-chancellor from 1886 to 1890 and from 1894 to 1896. In 1897 the freedom of the city of Manchester was conferred upon him, and in 1900 he was elected master of Peterhouse, Cambridge. His most important work is his standard History of English Dramatic Literature to the Age of Queen Anne (1875), re-edited after a thorough revision in three volumes in 1899. He also wrote The House of Austria in the Thirty Years' War (1869), Great Britain and Hanover (1899), The Electress Sophia and the Hanoverian Succession (1903); he edited Crabbe's Poems (2 vols., 1905-1906) and Pope's Poetical Works (1869); he wrote the volumes on Chaucer and Dickens in the &ldquo;English Men of Letters&rdquo; series, translated Curtius's History of Greece (5 vols., 1868-1873); he was one of the editors of the Cambridge Modern History, and with A. R. Waller edited the Cambridge History of English Literature (1907, &c.). For the 9th edition of the ''Ency. Brit.'' he wrote the article, and biographies of Ben Jonson and other dramatists; and he became an important contributor to the present work.

WARD, ARTEMUS, the pen-name of Charles Farrar Browne (1834-1867), American humorous writer, was born in Waterford, Maine. He began life as a compositor and became an occasional contributor to the daily and weekly journals. In 1858 he published in the Cleveland Plain Dealer the first of the &ldquo;Artemus Ward&rdquo; series, which attained great popularity both in America and England. His separate publications were: Artemus Ward: his Book (New York, 1862); Artemus Ward: his Travels (New York, 1865); Artemus Ward among the Fenians (1865); Betsey Jane Ward: hur Book of Goaks (New York, 1866), generally attributed to him; Artemus Ward in London, and other Papers (New York, 1867). Artemus Ward's Lecture ''at the Egyptian Hall. . . and other Relics of the Humourist'' (London, 1869), edited by T. W. Robertson and J. C. Hotten, was published posthumously (New York, 1869). His wit largely relied on the drollery of strange spelling. In 1860 he became editor of Vanity Fair, a humorous New York weekly, which proved a failure. About the same time he began to appear as a lecturer, and his eccentric humour attracted large audiences. In 1866, he visited England, where he became exceedingly popular both as a lecturer and as a contributor to Punch. In the spring of the following year his health gave way, and he died of consumption at Southampton on the 6th of March 1867.

WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879), English historical and genre painter, was born at Pimlico, London, in 1816. Among his early boyish efforts in art was a series of clever illustrations to the Rejected Addresses of his uncles Horace and James Smith, which was followed soon afterwards by designs to some of the papers of Washington Irving. In 1830 he gained the silver palette of the Society of Arts; and in 1835, aided by Wilkie and Chantrey, he entered the schools of the Royal Academy, having in the previous year contributed to its exhibition his portrait of Mr O. Smith, the comedian, in his character of Don Quixote. In 1836 he went to Rome, where in 1838 he gained a silver medal from the Academy of St Luke for his &ldquo;Cimabue and Giotto,&rdquo; which in the following year was exhibited at the Royal Academy. The young artist now turned his thoughts to fresco-painting, which he studied under Cornelius at Munich. In 1843 he forwarded his &ldquo;Boadicea Animating the Britons previous to the Last Battle against the Romans&rdquo; to the competition for the decoration of the Houses of Parliament &mdash; a work upon which he was afterwards engaged, having in 1853 been directed by the fine art commissioners to execute eight subjects in the corridor of the House of Commons. The success of his &ldquo;Dr Johnson in Lord Chesterfield's Ante-Room&rdquo; &mdash; now in the National Gallery, along with the &ldquo;Disgrace of Lord Clarendon&rdquo; (the smaller picture) (1846), the &ldquo;South Sea Bubble&rdquo; (1847), and &ldquo;James II. Receiving the News of the Landing of the Prince of Orange&rdquo; (1850) &mdash; secured his election as an associate of the Royal Academy in 1847, and in 1855 he gained full academic honours. Among the more important of his other works may be named &ldquo;Charlotte Corday Led to Execution&rdquo; (1852), the &ldquo;Last Sleep of Argyll&rdquo; (1854), the &ldquo;Emperor of the French Receiving the Order of the Garter&rdquo; (1859), painted for the queen, the &ldquo;Ante-Chamber at Whitehall during the Dying Moments of Charles II.&rdquo; (1861), &ldquo;Dr Johnson's First Interview with John Wilkes&rdquo; (1865), and the &ldquo;Royal Family of France in the Temple,&rdquo; painted in 1851, and usually considered the artist's masterpiece. He died at Windsor, on the 15th of January 1879. In 1848 he had married Henrietta Ward (b. 1832), who, herself an admirable artist, was a granddaughter of James Ward, R.A. (1760-1859), the distinguished animal painter. Their son, Leslie Ward (b. 1851), became well known as &ldquo;Spy&rdquo; of Vanity Fair (from 1873 to 1909), and later of the World, with his character portraits of contemporary celebrities.

WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911), American author and philanthropist, was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on the 31st of August 1844. She was the granddaughter of the Rev. Moses Stuart, and the daughter of the Rev. Austin Phelps (1820-1890) who became a professor in the Andover Theological Seminary in 1848, and Elizabeth Stuart Phelps (1815-1852), who wrote Sunnyside (1851), a popular book in its day, and other works. In 1848 she removed with her parents to Andover, where she attended private schools. When she was in her teens she wrote short stories for the Youth's Companion, The Atlantic Monthly and Harper's Magazine. She wrote many juveniles, especially Sunday-School books, such as the Tiny and the Gypsy series. In 1868 appeared in The Atlantic Monthly her short story, The Tenth of January, a narrative of the falling and burning of a cotton-mill at Lawrence, Mass., in 1860. In the same year appeared The Gates Ajar (1868), her first novel, a realistic study of life after death, which was widely read and was translated into several European languages. Her Beyond the Gates (1883), The Gates Between (1887) and Within the Gates (1901) are in the same vein. She was actively interested in charitable work, in the advancement of women and in temperance reform. In 1888 she married Herbert Dickinson Ward (b. 1861), son of the Rev. William Hayes Ward.