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 from the recognition, far and wide over the vast domain of the United States, of the value of higher education must not be forgotten. The support of churches of every name and the gifts of states, cities and private citizens, have been everywhere enlisted in behalf of learning. In every college worthy of the name, mathematics, ancient and modern languages, and the elements at least of modern science, are taught. More or less choice is permitted in the courses requisite to a bachelor’s degree. Moral and religious influences are brought to bear on the formation of character. All this is favourable to the enlightenment of the people, and excuses, if it does not justify, the multiplication which is so often deprecated. The establishment of colleges for women, fully equal to the colleges for men, and in many places the admission of women to colleges and universities not originally intended for women, is one of the most noteworthy of the advances in higher education. Opinions are still divided in respect of the wi ds sd om of co-education, especially in the undergraduate period, but there is no longer any question as to the wisdom of giving to women the very best opportunities for intellectual culture; while the success that women have shown in the pursuit of many branches of science has led in many universities to their admission to the established laboratories and lecture-rooms. Separate colleges for women are now maintained in close connexion with Harvard, Columbia, Tulane and other institutions, and this mode, of procedure seems likely to be introduced elsewhere. At the same time, independent foundations like Vassar, Smith, Wellesley, Bryn Mawr and Goucher are supported with so much vigour, and with such able faculties, that it is not easy to say which organization is the best, and indeed there is no occasion to raise the question. In the Western universities generally, as in Michigan, Wisconsin, California, Chicago, &c., women are admitted to all courses on the same terms as men.

.—On the earlier history and organization of the medieval universities, the student should consult F. C. von Savigny, ''Gesch. d. römischen Rechts im Mittelalter'' (7 vols., 1826–51); for the university of Paris, Du Boulay, Historia Universitatis Parisiensis (6 vols., Paris, 1665); Crevier, ''Hist. de l’université de Paris'' (7 vols., Paris, 1761); and C. Jourdain, ''Hist. de l’université de Paris'' au XVII&#8202;e et au XVIII&#8202;e siècle (Paris, 1862), and also articles on special points in the same writer’s Excursions historiques (1888).

The work of Du Boulay (Bulaeus) is one of great research and labour, but wanting in critical judgment, while that of Crevier is little more than a readable outline drawn from the former. The views of Du Boulay have been challenged on many important points by P. H. Denifle in the first volume of his Die Universitäten des Mittelalters bis 1400 (1885), and more particularly on those relating to the organization of the early universities. The results of Denifle’s researches have been largely incorporated in Mr Rashdall’s Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages (2 vols., Oxford, 1895), especially in connexion with the origines of Paris, Oxford and Cambridge; and the earlier works of Meiners, ''Gesch. d. Entstehung'' und Entwickelung der hohen Schulen (4 vols., 1802–5); and T. A. Huber, Die englischen Universitäten (Cassel, 1839–40), translation by F. W. Newman (3 vols., 1845), are thus to a great extent superseded. Much useful criticism on the comparative merits of the German and the English universities prior to the 19th century is to be found in the Discussions (1853) of Sir W. Hamilton. For the German universities exclusively, Zarncke’s Die deutschen Universitäten im Mittelalter (Leipzig, 1857); Heinrich von Sybel, Die deutschen Universitäten (2nd ed., 1874); and Georg Kaufmann’s ''Gesch. der deutschen Universitäten'' (2 vols.), are indispensable. Of the latter, vol. i. (1888) treats of the origines; vol. ii. (1896) carries the subject to the end of the middle ages, dealing generally with the history of academic institutions rather than the details of separate universities. Georg Voigt’s Die Wiederbelebung des classischen Alterthums (2 vols., 1880–81) throws much light on the history of both Italian and German scholarship at the time of the Renaissance, and supplies a useful bibliography. The work of Professor Friedrich Paulsen, ''Gesch. d. gelehrten Unterrichts auf den deutschen Schulen'' und Universitäten (2nd ed., 2 vols., 1906; English translation by M. E. Sadler, London, 1906), is a masterly survey of the whole modern period down to the close of last century. Tholuck, Das ''academische Leben des 17. Jahrhunderts'' (2 vols., Halle, 1853–54); Dolch, ''Gesch. des deutschen Studententhums (1858); J. Conrad, The'' German Universities for the Last Fifty Years, translated by Hutchinson, preface by Bryce (Glasgow, 1885); T. Ziegler, Der deutsche ''Student am Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts'' (Stuttgart, 1895), all deal with special periods. Adolf Harnack, Geschichte der königlich-preussischen Academie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (4 vols., 1900), is also of high value, the first two volumes for the medieval, the latter two for

the modern period. To these may be added, as useful for reference, the Geschichte der Erziehung vom Anfang an bis auf unsere Zeit (Stuttgart, 1896–1901), by Dr K. A. and Georg Schmidt, containing critical bibliographies at the beginning of each chapter; while the Bibliographie der deutschen Universitäten by Wilhelm Erman and Ewald Horn (3 vols., Leipzig, 1904–6) is most complete for the literature of the entire subject down to the close of last century. For a comparative estimate of the history of the different faculties, Die Universität Giessen von 1607 bis 1907 (2 vols., Giessen, 1907) is highly suggestive. The Monumenta Germaniae Paedagogica (20 vols., 1886–1900), though relating mainly to schools, often supplies valuable illustrative matter.

The statutes of the French universities, so far as ascertainable, have been edited by Fournier, Statutes et privilèges des universités françaises (1890); the Chartularium of the university of Paris, as edited by Denifle and Chatelain (4 vols., Paris, 1889–97), coming down to 1452. Works dealing with later history are Gréard, Nos adieux a la vieille Sorbonne (Paris, 1893); H. Schön, Die französischen Hochschulen seit der Revolution (Munich, 1896); L. Liard, L’Enseignement supérieur en France, 1789–1894 (2 vols., Paris, 1894); Joseph Prost, La Philosophie à l’académie protestante de Saumur, 1606–1685 (Paris, 1907).

For Italy, the origines of Bologna are dealt with by Chiapelli, Lo Studio Bolognese (Pistoia, 1888); Fitting, Die Anfänge der Rechtsschule zu Bologna (Bologna and Leipzig, 1888); Ricci, I primordi d. Studio di Bologna (2nd ed., Bologna, 1888). All the extant statutes are edited by Carlo Malagola, Statuti d. univ. e dei collegi d. studio bolognese (Bologna, 1888); and a new edition has appeared of the learned C. J. Sarti’s De claris Archigymnasii Bonaniensis Professoribus (Bologna, 1888, &c.). In connexion with Padua we have Die Statuten der Juristen-Universität Padua vom Jahre 1331, ed. H. Denifle, a reprint from the Archiv. For Spain, the work of De La Fuente (Madrid, 1855) gives a concise summary of the main facts in the growth of the universities and also of the other institutions for public instruction throughout the country; the Libro Memoria, by Solier and Vilches (1895) gives the necessary information down to a later period, in connexion with the central institution in Madrid. The history of the faculty of theology at the Portuguese university of Coimbra has been recorded on a more elaborate scale by Dr Manuel Eduardo da Motta Veiga (Coimbra, 1872). The Universidades y Colegios of Dr Joaquin v. Gonzáalez (Buenos Aires, 1907) contains an interesting account of the new university movement in Argentina. For Oxford there are the laborious collections by Anthony Wood, History and Antiquities of the University and of the Colleges and Halls of Oxford, edited with continuation by Rev. J. Gutch (5 vols., 1786–96), and Athenae and Fasti Oxonienses, edited by Dr P. Bliss (4 vols., 1813–20); A History of the University of Oxford from the Earliest Times to 1530, by H. C. Maxwell Lyte (1886); and Statutes of the University of Oxford compiled in 1636 under Authority of Archbishop Laud, ed. Griffiths (Oxford, 1888). The publications of the late Joseph Foster, Alumni Oxonienses, 1500–1886 (8 vols.), supply the facts that are contained in the registers relating to the academic careers of graduates; his Oxford Men and their Colleges, 1880–92 (2 vols., 1893) contains, vol. i., college life and antiquities, with illustrations; vol. ii., completion of Alumni and Matriculation Register, 1880–92. The publications of the Oxford Historical Society include some valuable histories of separate colleges, that of Pembroke (by Macleane), Corpus Christi (by Fowler), Merton (by Brodrick); also Anthony Wood’s Life and Times, ed. Rev. Andrew Clark (4 vols.); Hearne’s Collections, ed. Doble and Rannie (4 vols.); and Early Oxford Press (to 1640), by Falconer Madan. The series of College Histories, originally published by F. E. Robinson (now by Hutchinson & Co.), is often serviceable both to the historian and the biographer. For Cambridge, the researches of C. H. Cooper, greatly surpassing those of Wood in thoroughness and impartiality, are comprised in three series: (1) Annals of Cambridge (5 vols., 1842–1908); (2) Athenae Cantabrigienses, 1500–1609 (2 vols., 1858–61); (3) Memorials of Cambridge (3 vols.; new ed. 1884). The Architectural History of the University of Cambridge and of the Colleges, by the late Robert Willis, edited and continued by J. Willis Clark (4 vols., 1886), is a work of admirable thoroughness and completeness. The Grace Books, in 3 vols., down to 1526, have been carefully edited and published by the University Press. J. B. Mullinger, History of the University of Cambridge from the Earliest Times to Accession of Charles I. (2 vols., 1873–85), vol. 3 at press, and Cambridge Described and Illustrated, by T. D. Atkinson and J. W. Clark (1897), deal chiefly with the course of education and learning, and with the antiquities respectively. To these may be added Thomas Baker’s History of the College of St John the Evangelist, edited by Professor Mayor (2 vols., 1869); also, by same editor, Admissions to St John’s (3 vols., 1630–1765); and Records of same society (2 series), edited by R. F. Scott—all three works being valuable aids both to the biography and history of contemporary times. Equally so is Dr Venn’s excellent Biographical History of Caius College (3 vols., 1897–1901). Mr J. A. Venn’s Statistical Chart, exhibiting conjointly the Matriculation Statistics at both universities from 1544 to 1906, has been reproduced, along with an explanatory article, in the Oxford and Cambridge Review for Lent term, 1908, and a similar chart for the colleges (in Cambridge) has been