Page:EB1911 - Volume 27.djvu/629

 by I. M. Eaden (London, ); Études de droit constitutionel, France, Angleterre, États-Unis (Paris, ; Eng. trans. by E. M. Dicey, London, ); Brassey, The Naval Annual (Portsmouth, onwards); Cassell's Gazetteer of Great Britain and Ireland (London, ); W. L. Clowes and other writers, History of the Royal Navy (London, –); W. Cunningham, Growth of English Industry and Commerce (th ed., London, ); A. V. Dicey, Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (th ed., London, ); R. Donald (edited by) Municipal Year-book (London, annual); S. Eardley-Wilmot, Our Fleet To-day and its Development during the Last Half Century (London, ); Hon. J. W. Fortescue, History of the British Army (London, ); R. Giffen, Essays in Finance (London,  and ); R. von Gneist, Das englische Parlament in tausendjähringen Wandelungen (Berlin, ; translated into English by A. H. Keane, History of the English Parliament, London, ); Englische Verfassungsgeschichte (Berlin, ; Eng. trans. by P. A. Ashworth, London, ); E. Hull, The Coalfields of Great Britain (London, ); E. T. Rogers, Industrial and Commercial History of England (London, ); J. Holt Schooling, The British Trade Book (London, ); Sir J. R. Seeley, The Growth of British Policy ( vols., London, ); H. Taylor, The Origin and Growth of the English Constitution ( vols., London, -); A. Todd, Parliamentary Government in England (new ed., revised by S. Walpole, vols., London, ).

British Military Forces.

The forces of the British Crown may be classed as (a) the regular, or general service, army, together with the ; and (b) the ; while there are also certain forces controlled by the governments of the various self-governing dominions. The home government raises, pays and controls the regular army, its reserves, the, and some few details such as the of the smaller possessions, n   employed on  service out of , &c. But the cost of that portion of the regular army which is in is borne by the, which is not the case with the regulars serving in other colonies or in the dominions. Consequently the, unlike the colonial governments, can within limits dispose of the British paid regulars within its sphere.

Regular Army.—The duties of the regular are to   and, to  Great Britain and , and to find expeditionary forces of greater or less strength for war in  or elsewhere. The principles upon which the reorganization of – was based are: (a) that in peace the at home must be maintained at such an effective standard that all necessary drafts for the  abroad shall be forthcoming, without undue depletion of the  at home; (b) the home  on mobilization for service should be brought up to war strength by the recall of reservists in sufficient, but not too great, numbers; (c) the wastage of a campaign shall be made good by drafts partly from the remaining  reserve, but above all from the, now converted into the special reserve; and (d) the  and , reorganized into the , shall be responsible, with little regular help, for the defence of the home country, thus freeing the regular  at home for general service. The first of these conditions entirely, the second largely, and even indirectly the third and fourth depend upon the recruiting, establishments and terms of service of the regular. These last are a compromise between the opposite needs of short service, producing large reserves, and long service, which minimizes the sea transport of drafts; they are also influenced by the state of the labour market at any given moment, as recruiting is voluntary. To enable the authorities to deal with these conditions, the secretary of state for war may without special legislation vary the terms of enlistment, not only in general but also for the various arms and branches.

Strength and Ages of the Army Reserve (Oct., ).