Page:EB1911 - Volume 27.djvu/129

Rh is formed on the Perissodactyle plan. The number of toes varies between three and five, of which the middle one is the largest, and the femur may or may not have a third trochanter. The Typotheriidae and Pachyrucidae are remarkable among the Ungulates for the retention of clavicles, and for their curious approximation in dentition and certain characters of the skeleton to the Rodentia. The dental formula of Typotherium is i., c. , p. , m. ; that of the smaller Patagonian forms differs by the larger number  of premolars. The toes were unguiculate rather than ungulate in character, except the hind ones (four in number) of Typotherium. Certain allied Patagonian forms, such as Argyrohyrax, have been supposed to be related to the Hyraxes.

The Toxodontidae differ from the preceding families by the loss of the clavicles and the reduction of the digits to three in each foot. The typical genus Toxodon is represented by animals the size of a rhinoceros, of which the entire skeleton is now known (fig. 2). The teeth, of which the formula is i., c. , p. , m. ;, all grow from persistent pulps; those of the cheek-series are very tall, highly curved, and with a simplified Crown-Structure. In the older Nesodon, on the other hand, the cheek-teeth are shorter-crowned, and depart less widely from a generalized Perissodactyle type, the total number of teeth being forty-four, and there being scarcely any gap in the series. Very remarkable changes occur in the dentition as age advances, most of the teeth eventually developing roots, although the second pair of incisors in each jaw was rootless. The complete skeleton is not yet known, but it is ascertained that the femur differs from that of Toxodon in the retention of a third trochanter.

Toxodon is typified by T. platensis from the Pampean formation of Buenos Aires. Toxodontotherium and Xotodon are allied but rather older types. Nesodon is from the Santa Cruz beds of Patagonia, the typical N. imbricatus having a skull about a foot in length, but N. ovinus was a smaller animal, about the size of a sheep.

 TOY, CRAWFORD HOWELL (1836–), American Hebrew scholar, was born in Norfolk, Virginia, on the 23rd of March 1836. He graduated at the university of Virginia in 1856, and studied at the university of Berlin in 1866–1868. In 1869–1879 he was professor of Hebrew in the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary (first in Greenville, South Carolina, and after 1877 in Louisville, Kentucky), and in 1880 he became professor of Hebrew and Oriental languages in Harvard University, where until 1903 he was also Dexter lecturer on biblical literature.

He wrote The Religion of Israel (1882); Quotations from the Old Testament in the New Testament (1834); Judaism and Christianity (1890); and the Book of Proverbs (1899) in the “International Critical Commentary”; and edited a translation of Erdmann’s commentary on Samuel (1877) in Lange’s commentaries.; Murray’s Origin of the Psalms (1880); and, in Haupt’s Sacred Books of the Old Testament, the Book of Ezekiel (Hebrew text and English version, 1899).  TOY (an adaptation of Du. tuig, tools, implements, stuff, speltuig, playthings, i.e. stuff to play with, spelen, to play), a child’s plaything, also a trifle, a worthless, petty ornament, a gew-gaw, a bauble. Children’s toys and playthings, survive from the most remote periods of man’s life on the earth, though many so-called diminutive objects made and used by primitive man, sometimes classified as playthings, may have been workmen’s models, votive offerings or sepulchral objects. A large number of wooden, earthenware, stone or metal dolls remain with which the children of ancient Egypt once played; thus in the British Museum collection there is a flat painted wooden doll with strings of mud-beads representing the hair, a bronze Woman doll bearing a pot on her head, an earthenware doll carrying and nursing a child; some have movable jointed arms. There are also many toy animals, such as a painted wooden calf, a porcelain elephant with a rider; this once had have disappeared. Balls are found made of leather stuffed with hair, chopped straw and other material and also of blue porcelain or papyrus. Jointed dolls, moved by strings, were evidently favourite playthings of the Greek and Roman children, and small models of furniture, chairs, tables, sets of jugs painted with scenes of children’s life survive from both Greek and Roman times. Balls, tops, rattles and the implements of numerous games, still favourites in all countries and every age, remain to show how little the amusements of children have changed.

See also ; ; ; and for the history of toys, with their varying yet unchanging fashions, see H. R. d’Allemagne, Histoire des Jouets, and F. N. Jackson, Toys of other Days (1908).  TOYNBEE, ARNOLD (1852–1883), English social reformer and economist, second son of Joseph Toynbee (1815–1866),