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846 himself to efforts for the improvement of his dominions that won for him the title of le Bon. He died at Pampeluna on the 14th of July 1253.

THIBAUT, ANTON FRIEDRICH JUSTUS (1774-1840), German jurist, was born at Hameln, in Hanover, on the 4th of January 1774, the son of an officer in the Hanoverian army, of French Huguenot descent. After passing his school-days in Hameln and Hanover, young Thibaut entered the university of Göttingen as a student of jurisprudence, went thence to Königsberg, where he studied under Kant, and afterwards to Kiel, where he was a fellow-student with Niebuhr. Here, after taking his degree of doctor juris, he became a Privatdozent. In 1798 he was appointed extraordinary professor of civil law, and in the same year appeared his Versuche über einzelne Theile der Theorie des Rechts (1798), a collection of essays on the theory of law, of which by far the most important was entitled Über den Einfluss der Philosophie auf die Auslegung der positiven Gesetze, wherein he sought to show that history without philosophy could not interpret and explain law. In 1799 was published his Theorie der logischen Auslegung des römischen Rechts, one of his most remarkable works. In 1802 he published a short criticism of Feuerbach's theory of criminal law, which recalls in many ways the speculations of Bentham. The same year appeared Über Besitz und Verjährung, a treatise on the law of possession and the limitation of actions. In 1802 Thibaut was called to Jena, where he spent three years and wrote, in Schiller's summer-house, his chief work, System des Pandektenrechts (1803), which ran into many editions. The fame of this book depends before all else upon the fact that it was the first modern complete compendium of the subject, distinguished alike by the accuracy of its sources and the freedom and unpedantic manner in which the subject is handled. It is, in effect, a codification of the Roman law as it then obtained in Germany, modified by Canon law and the practice of the courts into a comprehensive system of Pandect law. At the invitation of the grand-duke of Baden he went to Heidelberg to fill the chair of civil law and to assist in organizing the university; and he never quitted that town, though he received in after years, as his fame grew, invitations to Göttingen, Munich and Leipzig. His class was large, his influence great; and, except Gustav Hugo and Savigny, no civilian of his time was so well known. In 1814 appeared his Civilistische Abhandlungen, of which the principal was his famous essay, the parent of so much literature, on the necessity of a national code for Germany (vide infra). In 1819 he was appointed to the upper house of the newly constituted Baden parliament. He was also made member of the Scheidungsgericht (divorce court). In 1836 Thibaut published his Erörterungen des römischen Rechts. One of his last works was a contribution in 1838 to the Archiv für die civilistische Praxis, of which he was one of the editors (see below). Thibaut married, in 1800, a daughter of Professor Ahlers of Kiel. He died after a short illness, at Heidelberg, on the 29th of March 1840.

 THIBAW, or, one of the Northern Shan States of Burma. It is called by the Shans, and officially, Hsipaw, and also frequently Ông Pawng (the name of an old capital). It includes four states &mdash; Thibaw, the main state, and the substates of Möng Lông, Möng Tung and Thonzè (or Hsumhsai). The whole state has an area of 5086 sq. m., and the population in 1901 was 104,700. The main state lies on the geological fault which runs east and west across the Shan States, from the Salween at Kunlông and beyond to nearly the rim of the Shan tableland at Gôkteik. It is therefore broken up into a mass of not very well-defined ridges and spurs, crossing and re-entering. The chief plain land is in the valley of the Nam Tu (Myit-ngè), near Thibaw town, and the valley or strath of the Pyawng Kawng, Nawng Ping neighbourhood. Elsewhere the valleys are insignificant. The hills on the Möng Tung border reach their highest elevations in the peaks Loi Pan (6848 ft.) and Loi Htan (6270 ft.). To the north-west of Thibaw town, on the Tawng Peng border, Loi Lam rises to 6486 ft. The valley of the Nam Tu marks the lowest point in the state at Thibaw town, about 1400 ft., and rises on the east in Möng Tung to a plain level of about 2500 ft., and on the west in Möng Lông to a confused mass of hills with an average height of 4500 ft., broken up by the Nam Yawn and Nam Kaw valleys, which are about 3000 ft. above mean sea-level.

The chief river is the Nam Tu or Myit-ngè, also frequently called by its classical name the Dôktawadi. The main stream rises in the Salween-Irrawaddy watershed, and is enlarged by considerable tributaries. At Thibaw town it is 250 yds. wide and about 8 ft. deep, with a fairly strong current. The Nam Tu is navigable only in local stretches, and between Thonzè and Lawksawk (Yatsauk) it flows through a gorge between cliffs 3000 to 4000 ft. high. At the gorge of Hoküt (Ngôkteik) the Nam Htang and the Nam Pasè unite to form the Nam Küt, which passes into the ground at the natural bridge where the Mandalay-Kunlong railway crosses the gorge, and reappears to join the Nam Tu. The bed of the Nam Küt is about 1500 ft. below the general leyel of the country. Coal is found at various places in the state, but is not of very high quality. Salt-wells are worked by the inhabitants of Mawhkio (Bawgyo) about 7 m. from Thibaw town. The average maximum temperature at the beginning of April is about 96&deg;, and the minimum