Page:EB1911 - Volume 26.djvu/885

Rh is obtained synthetically by heating sulphur with diphenylamine or by the condensation of ortho-aminothiophenol with pyrocatechin. It is a compound of neutral reaction. The first known dyestufi of this series was Lauth's violet, which was prepared by oxidizing paraphenylene diamine in acid solution in the presence of sulphur. By using dimethyl paraphenylene diamine in place of the simple diamine, methylene blue is obtained. The relationship of these substances to thiodiphenylamine was shown by A. Bernthsen, who, by nitration of thiodiphenylamine, obtained a dinitro-compound which on reduction was converted into the corresponding di-amino-derivative and this on oxidation yielded Lauth's violet. miaire (5th October 1795) he opposed those Thermidorians who wished to postpone the dissolution of the Convention. At the elections for the Corps Législatif he was elected by no less than thirty-two departments. It was only by the intervention of Boulay de la Meurthe that he escaped transportation after the coup d'état of 18 Fructidor (4th September 1797), and he then returned to the practice of his profession. The establishment of the consulate brought him back to public life. He was made prefect of the Gironde, and then member of the council of state, in which capacity he worked on the civil code. He at this time had Napoleon's confidence, and gave him wholehearted support. He did not entirely conceal his disapproval of the foundation of the Legion of

H NH N c.H.I'sHc.H.-> N01-CsH=<1; CeHa ~ N02 -> NH2- c.H.< S >c.H.-NH.-> HN:Col-Ia(S>c.H.-Nm Honour, of the Coucordat and of the Methylene blue is the most important of all blue basic dyes and is put on the market frequently in the form of its zinc chloride double salt, which is soluble in water. Acid oxidants in dilute aqueous solution convert it into methylene azure. See further A. Bernthsen, Ann., 230, p. 73; 251, p. 1; German Patents 45839 (1887); 47374 (1888). For a discussion as to the constitution of these dyestuffs, whether they are quaternary ammonium salts or thionium salts, see A. Hantzsch, Bef., 1906, 39, pp. 153, 1365; F. Kehrmann, ibid., 1906, 39, p. 914.

THIAZOLES, in organic chemistry, a series of hetero cyclic compounds containing the grouping shown below; the replaceable hydrogen atoms in which are designated o., 5 and /L They are prepared by condensing thio-amides with a.-haloid ketones or aldehyde's, the thio-amide reacting as the tautomeric thio-imino acid. Amino derivatives similarly result from thio-ureas and a-haloid ketones; the oxy derivatives from o.-sulphocyanoketones by the action of caustic alkali; and the carboxylic acids from chloro-aceto-acetic ester, &c. and thioamides. The thiazoles are somewhat basic in character, and combine with the alkyl iodides to form thiazolium iodides. Dihydrothiazoles, or thiazolines, are obtained by condensing ethylene dibromides with thio-amides; by the action of /3-haloid alkylamines on thio-amides (S. Gabriel, Bef., 1891, 24, p. LS? 1896, 29, p. 2610); and by the action of phosphorus pentasulp i e on acyl-B-bromalkylamides (A. Salomon, Bef., 1893, 26, p. 1328). They are much less stable than the thiazoles. The benzothiazoles are a series of weak bases formed by condensing carboxylic acids with ortho-aminothiophenols (A. W. Hofmann, Ber., 1880, 13, p. 1224), b heating the acid anilides with sulphur or by the oxidation oly thio-anilides. On fusion with caustic alkalis they decompose into their constituent aminothiophenol and acid. Derivatives of this group are important as substantive cotton dyestuffs. oo S

s- cH'N /

HC: CH> / CH

KB) (11) N/

Thia zole. Benzothiazole.

THIBAUDEAU, CLAIR ANTOINE, (1765-1854), French politician, was born on the 23rd of March 1765, the son of Antoine de Thibaudeau (1730-1813), a lawyer of Poitiers and a deputy to the States-General of 1789. He was admitted to the bar in 1787, and in 1789 accompanied his father to the States-General at Versailles. When he returned to Poitiers in October he immediately set up a local revolutionary club, and in 1792 was returned as a deputy to the Convention.

Thibaudeau joined the party of the Mountain and voted for the death of Louis XVI. unconditionally. Nevertheless he incurred a certain amount of suspicion because he declined to join the Jacobin Club. In May 1793 he was on a special mission in the west and prevented his department from joining the Federalist movement. Thibaudeau occupied himself more particularly with educational business, notably in the organization of the museum of the Louvre. It was he who secured the inclusion of Tom Paine's name in the amnesty of Girondist deputies. Secretary and then president of the Convention for a short period, he served on the Committee of Public Safety and of Generaly Security. After the insurrection of 13 Vendément as prefect of the Bouches du Rhone, with consequent banishment from Paris, was a semi-disgrace.

A peer of the Hundred Days, he fled at the second Restoration to Lausanne. During his exile he lived in Vienna, Prague, Augsburg and Brussels, occupying himself with his Mémoires sur la Convention et le Directoire (Paris, 2 vols., 1824); Mémoires sur le Consulat: par un ancien conseilier d'état (Paris, 1827); Histoire générale de Napolion Bonaparte (6 vols., Paris and Stuttgart, 1827-28, vol. iii. not printed); Le Consulat et l’Empire voL I. of which is identical with vol. vi. of the Histoire de Napoléon (10 vols.; 1834). The revolution of 1830 permitted his return to France, and he lived to become a member of the Imperial Senate under the third empire. He died in Paris on the 8th of March 1854 in his eighty-ninth year.

THIBAUT (or ) IV. (1201-1253), count of Champagne and Brie, and king of Navarre, French poet, was born at Troyes in 1201. His father, Thibaut III. of Champagne, died before his son's birth, and his mother, Blanche of Navarre, was compelled to resign the guardianship of the young prince to Philip Augustus, king of France, but there is little doubt that the child was acquainted with Chrétien de Troyes and the other trouvères who found patronage at the court of Champagne. Thibaut's verses belong to what is called &ldquo;courteous&rdquo; poetry, but they have a personal note that distinguishes them from mere exercises. They are addressed to Blanche of Castille, the wife of Louis VIII., and Thibaut's relations with her have been the subject of much controversy. The count took part with Louis in the crusade against the Albigenses, but in 1226, with no apparent reason, left the king and returned to Champagne. Three months later Louis died under doubtful circumstances, and Thibaut was accused by his enemies of poisoning him to facilitate his own intrigue with Blanche. The real reason for Thibaut's desertion appears to have been a desire to consolidate his position as heir-apparent of Navarre by an alliance with the disaffected nobility of the south of France, but from this confederation Blanche was skilful enough to detach him. The resentment of the league involved him in a war in which Champagne was laid waste, and his capital saved only by the royal intervention. In 1234 he succeeded his uncle, Sancho VII., as king of Navarre, and from this period date his most fervent songs in praise of his lady. The crusade turned Thibaut's thoughts to religion, and he announced his intention of singing henceforth only in honour of the Virgin. Unfortunately his devotion took darker forms, for before sailing for the Holy Land he ordered and witnessed the burning of a hundred and eighty-three unfortunate men and women convicted of Manichaeism. The years 1239 and 1240 were spent in Palestine, and from the time of his return Thibaut devoted