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 which it is connected by a chain bridge (1855) and two railway bridges. The handsome chateau of the counts of Thun (built in 1667–73 and restored in 1788), which occupies a rocky height above the town, was at one time fortified, and was a place of some importance during the Seven Years’ War. It contains a magnificent library, with many valuable MSS. and fine collections of coins and armour. In addition to being the principal emporium for the Austrian traffic on the Elbe, Tetschen has a considerable industry, its products comprising chemicals, oil, soap, cotton stuffs, plaster of Paris, glazed and coloured paper, cellulose, beer, flour and preserved fish.

The town of Tetschen originally lay on the south side of the castle rock, but after its destruction by a flood, it was moved in 1059 to its present site. In 1305 it came into the hands of the knights of Wartenberg, who held it for two hundred years. In 1534 the Saxon lords of Bünau obtained it and introduced the Protestant religion, which was exterminated when, after the battle of the White Hill (1620) the Bünau family was driven out. The lordship was bought from them in 1628 by the Freiherr von Thun, by whose descendants, the Counts Thun, it is still held.

 TETUAN, the only open port of Morocco on the Mediterranean, a few miles S. of the Strait of Gibraltar, and about 40 m. E.S.E. of Tangier. Population about 25,000, of whom a fifth are Jews. It is picturesquely situated on the northern slope of a fertile valley down which flows the W. Martil, with the harbour of Tetuan, Martil, at its mouth. Behind rise rugged masses of rock, the southern wall of the Anjera country, practically closed to Europeans, and across the valley are the hills which form the northern limit of the still more impenetrable Rif. In point of cleanliness Tetuan compares favourably with most Moorish towns. The streets are fairly wide and straight, and several of the houses belonging to aristocratic Moors, descendants of those expelled from Spain, have fine courts surrounded by arcades, some with marble fountains and planted with orange trees. Within the houses the ceilings are often exquisitely carved and painted in Mauresque designs, such as are found in the Alhambra, and the tile-work for which Tetuan is known may be seen on floors, pillars and dados. The principal industries are tilework, inlaying with silver wire, and the manufacture of thick-soled yellow slippers, much-esteemed flintlocks, and artistic “towels” used as cape and skirt by Moorish country girls. The Jews live in a melloh, separated from the rest of the town by gates which are closed at night. The harbour of Tetuan is obstructed by a bar, over which only small vessels can pass, and the road stead, sheltered to the N., N.W. and S., is exposed to the E., and is at times unsafe in consequence of the strong Levanter.

The present town of Tetuan dates from 1492, when the Andalusian Moors first reared the walls and then filled the enclosure with houses. It had a reputation for piracy at various times in its history. It was taken on the 4th of February 1860 by the Spaniards under O'Donnell, and almost transformed by them into a European city before its evacuation on the 2nd of May 1862, but so hateful were the changes to the Moors that they completely destroyed all vestiges of alteration and reduced the city to its former state.

TETZEL, JOHANN (c. 1460–1519), preacher and salesman of papal indulgences, the son of Hans Tetzel, a goldsmith of Leipzig, was born there about 1460. He matriculated at the university in 1482, graduated B.A. in 1487, and in 1489 entered the Dominican convent at Leipzig. He early discovered his vocation as a preacher of indulgences; he combined the elocutionary gifts of a revivalist orator with the shrewdness of an auctioneer. He painted in lurid colours the terrors of purgatory, while he dwelt on the cheapness of the indulgence which would purchase remission and his prices were lowered as each sale approached its end. He began in 1502 in the service of the Cardinal-legate Raymond Peraudi; and in the next few years he visited Freiberg (where he extracted 2000 gulden in two days), Dresden, Pirna, Leipzig, Zwickau and Görlitz. Later on he was at Nuremberg, Ulm and Innsbruck, where he is said to have been condemned to imprisonment for adultery, but released at the intercession of the elector of Saxony. This charge is denied by his apologists; and though his methods were attacked by good Catholics like Johann Hass, he was elected prior of the Dominicans in Glogau in 1505.

Fresh scope was given to his activity in 1517 by archbishop Albrecht of Mainz. Albrecht had been elected at the age of twenty-four to a see already impoverished by frequent successions and payments of annates to Rome. He had agreed with Pope Leo X. to pay his first-fruits in cash, on condition that he were allowed to recoup himself by the sale of indulgences. Half the proceeds in his province were to go to him, half to Leo X. for building the basilica of St Peter’s at Rome. Tetzel was selected as the most efficient salesman; he was appointed general sub-commissioner for indulgences, and was accompanied by a clerk of the Fuggers from whom Albrecht had borrowed the money to pay his first-fruits. Tetzel’s efforts irretrievably damaged the complicated and abstruse Catholic doctrine on the subject of indulgences; as soon as the coin clinks in the chest, he cried, the soul is freed from purgatory. In June he was at Magdeburg, Halle and Naumburg; the elector of Saxony excluded him from his dominions, but Albrecht’s brother, the elector Joachim of Brandenburg, encouraged him at Berlin in the hope of sharing the spoils, and by the connivance of Duke George of Saxony he was permitted to pursue his operations within a few miles of the electoral territory at Wittenberg. Luther was thus roused to publish his momentous ninety-five theses on the subject of indulgences on October 31, 1517 (see ).

Even Albrecht was shamed by Luther’s attack, but he could not afford to relinquish his profits already pledged for the re- payment of his debts; and Tetzel was encouraged to defend himself and indulgences. Through the influence of Conrad Wimpina, rector of Frankfurt, Tetzel was created D.D. of that university, and with Wimpina’s assistance he drew up, in January 1518, a hundred and six theses in answer to Luther’s. But the storm overwhelmed him: sober Catholics felt that his vulgar extravagances had prejudiced Catholic doctrine, and Miltitz, who was sent from Rome to deal with the situation, administered to him a severe castigation. He hid himself in the Dominican convent at Leipzig in fear of popular violence, and died there on the 4th of July 1519, just as Luther was beginning his famous disputation with Eck.

TEUFFEL, WILHELM SIEGMUND (1820–1878), German classical scholar, was born at Ludwigsburg in the kingdom of Wurttemberg on the 27th of September 1820. In 1849 he was appointed extraordinary, in 1857 ordinary professor in the university of Tubingen, which post he held till his death on the 8th of March 1878. His most important work was his Geschichte der römischen Litteratur (1870; 5th ed. by L. Schwabe, 1890; Eng. tr. by G. C. Warr, 1900), which, although written in an unattractive style, is indispensable to the student, the bibliographical information being especially valuable. After the death of A. Pauly, the editor of the well-known Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, Teuffel, at first assisted by E. C. Walz, undertook the completion of the work, to which he also contributed numerous articles.

He was also the author of "Prolegomena zur Chronologie der horazischen Gedichte" (in Zeitschrift für die Altertumswissenschaft, 1842); Charakteristik des Horaz (Leipzig, 1842); Horaz, eine litterar-historische Übersicht (Tubingen, 1843), and of editions of the Clouds of Aristophanes (1856) and the Persae of Aeschylus (1866). His Studien und Charakteristiken (1871; 2nd ed., 1889)