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 had by 1880 made himself master of a large area in the upper Niger basin. In 1887, and again in 1889, he was induced to recognize a French protectorate, but peace did not long prevail either with him or with Ahmadu. The struggle was resumed in 1890; Ahmadu lost Segu; Nioro the capital of Kaarta was occupied (1891); Jenné was taken in 1893. Samory proved a veritable thorn in the flesh to his opponents. Wily and elusive, he made and broke promises, tried negotiation, shifted his &ldquo;empire&rdquo; to the states of Kong, and after numberless encounters was finally defeated on the Cavalla to the north of Liberia, and taken prisoner in September. He was deported to the Gabun, where he died in. Timbuktu was occupied in December 1893, in defiance of orders from the civil authorities. Colonel Bonnier, who went to the relief of the advance party, after having effected that purpose, was slain by the (th of January ), whom he had pursued into the desert. In the meantime had signed with  the convention of the th of August, which reserved the country east of the  and south of the Sahara to Great Britain.

Determined to profit by the convention, the government dispatched Colonel P. L. Monteil to West  to visit the countries on the - frontier. That officer, starting from in, traversed the  bend from W. to E., visited Sokoto and  and arrived at Kuka on , whence he made his way across the  to the. In the following years expeditions from Senegal penetrated south-east into the hinterland of the British colonies and s on the Guinea coast and descended the  (February 1897) as far as Bussa, the limit of navigation from the ocean. These actions brought them into contact with the British outposts in the, Lagos and Nigeria. A period of tension between the two countries was put an end to by a convention signed on the th of June whereby the territories in dispute were divided between the parties,  retaining Bussa, while  obtained Mossi and other territories in the Niger bend to which  had laid claim. In the same year it was determined to send an expedition to, which should co-operate with other expeditions from and the. The Senegal expedition was entrusted to Captains Voulet and Chanoine, officers who had served many years in West. Reports of the misconduct and cruelty of these officers reaching, Lieut.-Colonel Klobb of the Marines was sent to supersede them. Colonel Klobb overtook the expedition at a spot east of the on the th of July. Voulet, fearing arrest and punishment, ordered his men to fire on Klobb and his escort, and the colonel was killed. Thereupon Voulet, joined by Chanoine, declared his intention to set up an independent state, and with the majority of his troops marched away, leaving the junior officers, who remained loyal to, with a small remnant. Within a fortnight both Voulet and Chanoine had been killed by their own men, who returned to the camp. Lieut. Pallier assumed command and led the force to, reached on the th of July. Here, in the November following, they were joined by F. Foureau and Commandant Lamy, who had crossed the from Algeria. The combined force marched to Lake Chad, and, having been joined by the Congo expedition, met and defeated the forces of (q.v.). Thus was accomplished in fact the linking up of the possessions in Africa, an object of  ambition since 1880, and theoretically effected by the Anglo-French convention of 1890.

In 1904, in virtue of another convention between and, the   obtained a port (Yarbatenda) on the  accessible to sea-going vessels, while the trans- frontier was again modified in favour of , that country thereby obtaining a fertile tract the whole way from the  to. During 1905–1906 the of Air and, in the central , were brought under  control, notwithstanding a claim by Turkey to  as forming part of the Tripolitan hinterland.

At first the whole of the conquered or protected territories were either administered from Senegal, or placed under military rule. Subsequently the upper Senegal country and the states included in the bend of the were formed into a separate administration and were given the title of &ldquo; .&rdquo; As the result of further reorganization (October, ) the colonies of  ,  and  were given their geographical hinterlands, and in October  the central portion was created a  under the style of the Territories of  and of the. A further change was made in (decree of the th of October) when this central portion was changed into &ldquo;The Colony of Upper Senegal and .&rdquo; The new colony was placed under a lieutenant-governor.

Soon after the reorganization of the country in, the effective area of French control was increased by M. Coppolani, secretary-general of French West Africa, who in February induced the s of certain Trarza and Brakna s inhabiting a fertile region on the northern bank of the lower Senegal to place their country under the direct supervision of  officials. In the following year these regions were formally constituted the Territory of, being placed under the direct control of the -general of represented on the spot by a civil. In M. Coppolani, the, was murdered by a band of fanatics at an oasis in the Tagant. During 1908–1909 a force under Colonel Gouraud, after considerable fighting—the s receiving help from —made effective influence in.

For the history of the native states in this vast region, see, , , , &c. Consult also the article.

The general oversight of both colonies is in the hands of the -general of. Senegal proper has been the subject of special legislation, its government being modelled on that of a department in. The lieutenant-, who controls the military as well as the civil administration, is assisted by a secretary-general and by a privy council (conseil privé) consisting of high officials and a minority of unofficial nominated members, but he is not bound to follow its advice. This council corresponds to the prefectural council of a department. There is also a council general (conseil général) with powers analogous to those of the similar councils in. The Senegal council, however, does not share the right, possessed by the councils of other colonies, of voting the budget, which is fixed by the  general of. The inhabitants of &ldquo;communes with full powers&rdquo; (i.e., , and Rufisque) alone have the right of electing the council-general. The same constituencies—in which no distinction of colour or race is made—elect (law of April ) to the chambers one deputy, who is also a member of the superior council of the colonies, a consultative body sitting in Paris. The communes named have the same municipal rights as in France. There have been, in addition, since, &ldquo;mixed&rdquo; and communes with restricted powers of local government. The judicial system applied to ans resembles that of, and the judicature is independent of the executive. laws and customs not repugnant to justice are respected. is given in village, commercial and technical schools, all maintained by the state. is taught in all districts. The of  has a more rudimentary constitution. Its administrative council contains three &ldquo;notables,&rdquo; unofficial members nominated by the lieutenant-.

.—Une Mission au Sénégal (Paris, ), by Dr Lasnet, A. Chevalier, A. Cligny and P. Rambaud, is an authoritative scientific memoir, as is still M. Adanson's Histoire naturelle du Sénégal (Paris, ); M. Olivier, Le Sénégal (Paris, ), is an official monograph; A. de la Salle, Notre vieux Sénégal (Paris, ) is a general survey of the country and its resources. Sur les routes du Soudan (Toulouse, ), by E. Baillaud, deals with travel, communications, &c.; maps of the country are issued by the Service géographique de l'armée, Paris, on the scale of (–); &ldquo;Étude sur le Sénégal,&ldquo; by Courtet, in the Revue colonial, new series (Paris, 1901–1902 and –), deals with economic