Page:EB1911 - Volume 24.djvu/547

 Statue (3 vols., 1817), and F. von Reber and A. Bayersdorfer, Classical Sculpture Gallery (4 vols., London, 1897–1900).

On French sculpture see Adams, Recueil de sculptures gothiques (Paris, 1858); Cerf, Description de Notre Dame de Reims (Reims, 1861); Eméric David, L’Art statuaire (Paris, 1805) and Histoire de la sculpture française (Paris, 1853); Guilhebaud, L’Architecture et la sculpture du Vᵉ au XVIᵉ siècle (Paris, 1851–1859); Ménard, Sculpture antique et moderne (Paris, 1867); Didron, Annales archéologiques, various articles; Félibien, Histoire de l’art en France (Paris, 1856); Lady Dilke- (Mrs Pattison), Renaissance of Art in France (London, 1879); M-ontfaucon, Monumens de la monarchie française (Paris, 1729–1733); Jouy, Sculptures modernes du Louvre (Paris, 1855); Reveil, Œuvre de Jean Goujon (Paris, 1868); Lister, Jean Goujon (London, 1903); Viollet-le-Duc, Dictionnaire de l’architecture (Paris, 1869), art. “Sculpture,” vol. viii. pp. 97-279; Claretie, Peintres et sculpteurs contemporains (Paris); Gonse, La Sculpture française depuis le XIVᵉ siècle (Paris, 1895); W. C. Brownell, French Art: Classic and Contemporary Painting and Sculpture (London, 1901); Male, L’Art religieux du XIIIᵉ siècle en France (Paris, 1902); Vitry and Briere, Documents de sculpture française du moyen age (Paris, 1904); Lady Dilke, French Architects and Sculptors of the XVIIIth Century (London, 1900); Lanislas Lami, Dictionnaire des sculpteurs de l’école française du moyen age au règne de Louis XIV (Paris, 1898), a useful book to consult for the sake of the bibliographical references to nearly every artist entered; L. Bénédite, Les Sculpteurs français contemporains (Paris, 1901); E. Guillaume, “La Sculpture française au XIXᵉ siècle,” ''Gaz. des beaux-arts'' (1900).

On German sculpture, see Foerster, Denkmale deutscher Baukunst (Leipzig, 1855). For an adequate but brief and concentrated account of recent work see A. Heilmeyer, Die moderne Plastik in Deutschland (Bielefeld and Leipzig, 1903).

On Austrian sculpture, see Camillo List, Bildhauer-Arbeiten in Öesterreich-Ungarn (Vienna, 1901).

On Belgian sculpture, see Olivier Georges Destrée, The Renaissance of Sculpture in Belgium (London, 1895).

On Spanish sculpture, see Paul Laforid, La Sculpture espagnole (Paris, 1908).

On English sculpture, see Carter, Specimens of Ancient Sculpture (London, 1780); Aldis, Sculpture of Worcester Cathedral (London, 1874); Cockerell, Iconography of Wells Cathedral (Oxford, 1851); Stothard, Monumental Effigies of Britain (London, 1817); Westmacott, “Sculpture in Westminster Abbey,” in Old London (pub. by Archaeological Institute, 1866), p. 159 seq.; G. G. Scott, Gleanings from Westminster (London, 1862); W. Bell Scott, British School of Sculpture (London, 1872); W. M. Rossetti, “British Sculpture,” in Fraser’s Mag. (April 1861). The subject of recent British sculpture has been curiously neglected, except in newspaper notices and occasional articles in the periodical press, such as Edmund Gosse’s “Living English Sculptors” in the Century Magazine for July 1883. The only volume published is M. H. Spielmann’s British Sculpture and Sculptors of To-day (London, 1901).

For American sculpture, see Henry T. Tuckerman, Book of the Artists: American Artist Life (New York, 1870, and later editions); Lorado Taft, American Sculpture (New York and London, 1903); William J. Clark, Jnr., Great American Sculptures (Philadelphia, 1877); Charles H. Caffin, American Masters of Sculpture (New York, 1903); Sadikichi Hartmann, Modern American Sculpture (New York).

SCURVY (Scorbutus), a constitutional disease, characterized by debility, morbid conditions of the blood, spongy gums, impairment of the nutritive functions, and the occurrence of hemorrhagic extravasations in the tissues of the body. In former times this disease was extremely common among sailors, and gave rise to a frightful amount of mortality. It is now, however, of rare occurrence at sea, the simple means of prevention being well understood. Scurvy has also frequently broken out among soldiers on campaign, in beleaguered cities, as well as among communities in times of scarcity, and in prisons, workhouses and other public institutions. In all such instances it has been found to depend closely upon the character of the food. The precise etiology is obscure, and the modern tendency is to suspect an unknown micro-organism; on the other hand, even among the more chemical school of pathologists, it is disputed whether the cause (or conditio sine qua non) is the absence of certain constituents in the food, or the presence of some actual poison. Sir Almroth Wright in 1895 published his conclusions that scurvy was due to an acid intoxication, while Torup of Christiania believes it to be a direct poisoning from damaged and badly preserved meat. Dr Jackson and Dr Harley support this latter view, contending that scurvy occurs when meat is eaten in this condition, even when lime juice and vegetables are given in conjunction with it. The palmy days of the disease were those when sailors and soldiers had to fare on salt meat and “hard tack,” or were deprived of fresh vegetables; and the fact that scurvy has been practically abolished by the supply of these latter has led to the association of this factor with the disease as a vera causa. But how the defect in vegetable diet produces scurvy is not quite clear; nor how far other conditions may be involved.

SCUTAGE or, the pecuniary commutation, under the feudal system, of the military service due from the holder of a knight’s fee. Its name is derived from his shield (scutum). The term is sometimes loosely applied to other pecuniary levies on the basis of the knight’s fee. It was supposed till recently