Page:EB1911 - Volume 24.djvu/395

Rh in an age of violent polemics, distinguished himself by the virulence of his writings against the Protestants. He became involved in a controversy with Joseph Justus Scaliger, formerly his intimate friend, and others, wrote Ecclesiasticus aucloritati Jacobi regis oppositas (1611), an attack upon James I. of England; and in Classicum bclli scari (1619) urged the Catholic princes to wage war upon the Protestants. About 1607 Schoppe entered the service of Ferdinand, archduke of Styria, afterwards the emperor Ferdinand II., who found him very useful in rebutting the arguments of the Protestants, and who sent him on several diplomatic errands. According to Pierre Bayle, he was almost killed by some Englishmen at Madrid in 1614, and again fearing for his life he left Germany for Italy in 1617, afterwards taking part in an attack upon the jesuits. Schoppe, as the long list of his writings shows, knew also something of grammar and philosophy, and had an excellent acquaintance with Latin. His chief work is, perhaps, his Grammatica philosophic (Milan, 1628). Schoppe died at Padua on the 19th of November 1649. In his Life of Sir Henry Wotlan Izaac Walton, calling him jasper Scioppius, refers to Schoppe as “ a man of a restless spirit and a malicious pen.”

Besides the works already noticed, he wrote De arte critica (1597); De Aniichristo (1605); Pro auctoritate ecclesiae in decidendis fidei conlnrversiis libellus; Scaliger hypololymaeus (1607), a virulent attack on Scaliger; and latterly the anti-jesuitical works, Flagellum Jesuiticum (1632); Mysleria patrum jesuiiorium (1633); and Arcana societatis Jesu (1635). For a fuller list of his writings see J. P. Nicéron Mémoires, (1727-1745). See also C. Nisard, Les Gladiateurs de la républigue des lettres (Paris. 1860).

SCHORL, in mineralogy, the name given to coarse black varieties of (q.v.). The schorl rocks are crystalline aggregates of quartz and tourmaline. They are granular and massive, not banded or foliated as a rule, grey of various shades, the darkest coloured being most rich in schorl. Some are very fine grained, but in most cases the individual crystals are easily discernible with the unaided eye. They are hard, splintery, and very resistant to weathering. Veined, brecciated, porous and banded varieties occur, but are less common than the granular massive rocks.

Schorl rocks occur practically always in association with tourmaline-bearing granites. Most of them are of igneous origin and, though there may be a few which are direct products of consolidation from a plutonic magma, in the vast majority of cases they originate by the action of gases and vapours on granites, porphyries and other rocks. All magmas contain vapours in solution and give them off more or less readily as they crystallize. Water, carbonic acid and hydrochloric acid (or chlorides) are the commonest dissolved substances, but fluorine, boron, lithium and phosphoric acid occur also, and as they pass outwards these last may act on the surrounding rocks, probably still at a high temperature and produce minerals of a special kind. This action is said to be pneumatolytic. Tourmaline contains boron and flourine, hence the presence of these elements in the emanations from the granite may be assumed. Schorl rocks often also contain varieties of white mica which are rich in fluorine and lithium; in addition apatite is usually present. Lastly, many of the rocks of this group contain tinstone or are associated with tin-bearing veins, and it is probable that the ores of this metal were brought up in solution as fluorides or chlorides and deposited in the situations where now they are found.

(J. S. F.)

 SCHOTTISCHE, the German for &ldquo; Scottish,&rdquo; a name given to a dance, der schottische Tanz, introduced into England about 1850. It was a form of polka, with two figures. The &ldquo; Highland Schottische &rdquo; is a lively dance resembling a fling. What is known as the &ldquo; barn dance &rdquo; was first known in America as the &ldquo; Military Schottische.&rdquo;

SCHOULER, JAMES (1839–      ), American lawyer and historian, was born in West Cambridge (now Arlington), Massachusetts, on the 20th of March 1839, the son of William Schouler (1814–1872), who from 1847 to 1833 edited the Boston Atlas, one of the leading Whig journals of New England. The son graduated at Harvard in 1859, studied law in Boston and was admitted to the bar there in 1862. In 1869 he removed to Washington, where for three years he published the United States Jurist. After his return to Boston, in 1874, he devoted himself to office practice and to literary pursuits. He was a lecturer in the law school of Boston University between 1885 and 1903, a non-resident professor and lecturer in the National