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 of the grand duke of Oldenburg, whom he accompanied on a journey to the East. On his return he entered the Oldenburg government service, and in #1849 was sent as envoy to Berlin. In 1852 he retired from his diplomatic post, resided for a while on his estates in Mecklenburg and then travelled in Spain, where he studied Moorish history. In 1855, he settled at Munich, where he was made member of the academy of sciences, and here collected a splendid gallery of pictures, containing masterpieces of Genelli, Feuerbach, Schwind, Bucklin, Lenbach, &c., and which, though bequeathed by him to the Emperor William II., still remains at Munich and is one of the noted galleries in that city. He died at Rome on the 14th of April 1894. Schack was a most productive author; he wrote lyric poems (Gedichte, 1867, 6th ed. 1888); novelsin verse, Durch alle Weller (1870, 3rd ed. 1875) and Ebenburtig (18 6); the dramatic poem Helidor (1878); the tragedies Die Pisaner &872) and Walpurga and Def Johanniter (1887); and the political comedies, Der Kaiserbole and Canaan (1873). As an historian of literature' and art, he published Geschichte der dramatischen Literatur und Kunst in Spanien (3 vols. 1845-1846, 2nd ed. 1854), Poesie und Kunst der Araber in Spanien und Sicilien (1865, 2nd ed. 1877), which are valuable contributions to literary history. He also produced some excellent translations, e.g. Spanisches Theater (1845); fieldensagen des Firdusi (1851) and Stimmen vom Ganges (1857, 2nd ed. 1877). He also compiled the catalogue and history of his own picture gallery, Meine Gemdldesammlung (7th ed., 1894). His collected works, Gesammelte Werke, were published in six volumes (1883, 3rd ed. in IO vols. 1897-1899). Nachgelassene Dichtungen were edited by G. Winkler (1896). See his autobiography, Ein halbes Jahrhunzlert, Erinnerungen und Aufzeichnungen (3 vols. 1887, 3rd ed. 1894). Cf. further the accounts of Schack by F. W. Rogge (1883)» E. Zabel (1885). E. Brenning (1885), W. j. Mannsen (from the Dutch, 1889), and also L. Berg, Zwischen zwei Jahrhunderten (1896).

SCHADOW, a distinguished name in the annals of German art.

I. (1764–1850), sculptor, was born and died in Berlin, where his father was a poor tailor. His first teacher was an inferior sculptor, Tassaert, patronized by Frederick the Great; the master offered his daughter in marriage, but the pupil preferred to elope with a girl to Vienna, and the father-in-law not only condoned the offence but furnished money wherewith to visit Italy. Three years' study in Rome formed his style, and in 1788 he returned to Berlin to succeed Tassaert as sculptor to the court and secretary to the Academy. Over half a century he produced upwards of two hundred works, varied in style as in subjects.

II. His eldest son, (1786–1822), sculptor, was born in Rome, and had his father at Berlin for his first master. In 1810 he went to Rome and received kindly help from Canova and Thorvaldsen. His talents were versatile; his first independent work was a figure of Paris, and it had for its companion a spinning girl.

III. (1789–1862), painter, was the second son of Johann Gottfried Schadow. In 1806–1807 he served as a soldier; in 1810 he went with his elder brother Rudolph to Rome. He became one of the leaders among the German pre-Raphaelites. Following the example of Overbeck

and others, he joined the Roman Catholic Church, and held that an artist must believe and live out the truths he essays to paint. The sequel showed that Schadow was qualified to shine less as a painter than as a teacher and director.

(J. B. A.)

SCHAFARIK (Czech, Safaiik), PAVEL JOSEF (1795-1861), Slavonic philologist, was born of Slovak parents at Kobeljarova, a village of northern Hungary, Where his father was a Protestant clergyman. His first production was a volume of poems in Czech entitled The Muse of Totra with a Slavonic Lyre (Levocza, 1814). In 181 5 he began a course of study at the university of Jena, and while there translated into Czech the Clouds of Aristophanes and the Maria Stuart of Schiller. In 1817 he removed to Prague and joined the literary circle of which Dobrovsky, Jungmann and Hanka were members. From 1819 to 1833 he was head master of the high school at Neusatz in the south of Hungary. There he studied Servianliterature and antiquities, acquired many rare books and manuscripts, and published a collection of Slovak folk-songs in collaboration with Kollar and others (1823-1827). In 1826 his Geschichte der slawischen Sprache und Literatur nach allen M undarten appeared at Budapest (znd ed., ISOQ). This book was the first attempt to give anything like a systematic account of the Slavonic languages as a Whole. In 1833 he returned to Prague, where he spent the remainder of his life. There he published his Serbische, Lesekarner oder historisch-krilische Beleuchtung der Serbischen M umiarl, and in 1837 his great work Slovanské Staroéitnosti (“Slavonic Antiquities ”). The “ Antiquities ” have been translated into Polish, Russian and German; a second edition (1863) was edited by J. ]'ire<'iek. In 1840 he published in conjunction with Palacky Die dlteslen Denkmdler der bahmisohen Sprache. In 1837 poverty compelled him to accept the uncongenial office of censor of Czech publications, which he abandoned in 1847 on becoming custodian of the Prague public library. In 1842 he published his Slovansky Nérodopis, in which he sought to give a complete account of S] avonic ethnology. He was 'also for some time conductor of the “ Iournal ” of the Bohemian Museum, and edited the first Volume of the Vybor, or selecti-ons from old Czech writers, which appeared under the auspices of the Prague literary society in 1845. To this he prefixed a grammar of the Old Czech language, Poétitkovd staroieské mluvnice. In 1848 he was made professor of Slavonic philology in the university of Prague, but resigned in 1849. He was then made keeper oi the university library. In 1857 he published Glagatitische Fragmente in collaboration with Hiifler; but in the same year, as a result of overwork, ill health and family anxieties, he became insane. He was nevertheless continued in his appointment until his death in 1861.

Schafarik's collected works, Sebfané Spisy, were published at Prague. 1862-186 5; his Geschichte der siidslawischen Literatu# was edited by ]ire(:ek in 3 vols. (1864-186 5).