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 hood had gone out of use by the end of the 16th century. Bachelors’ hoods were to be lined throughout with fur (Mun. Acad. p. 361), which we learn from the statute de admission ad pelluram (1432) to have been budge. Masters and noblemen might use miniver, or silk in summer (Mun. Acad. pp. 283, 301). There were evidently hoods of at least two kinds for masters, sometimes called respectively caputium and epomis, whether corresponding to the distinction between regents and non regents we do not know. (See Mun. Acad. p. 638, will of Thomas Bray, M.A., and Robinson, loc. cit. In the Oxford Corpus Statutorum of 1768 the epomis is worn with the ordinary gown, the caputium with the scarlet habit.) At a later date, at Cambridge, a distinction was made between the hoods of non-regents, which were lined with silk, and those of regents, which were lined with miniver. Later again the regents wore their hoods in such a way as to show the white lining, while the non-regents wore theirs “squared,” so that the white did not show. Hence the name “White Hoods” and “Black Hoods” given to the upper and lower houses of the old Senate respectively. It is not settled when the modern colourings of hoods arose; they probably followed those of the gowns of the faculties, but about these we are equally uncertain. The Oxford Proctor still wears a miniver hood. The modern Cambridge hood has preserved the original shape more closely than the Oxford one, being a hood and tippet combined, the hood having square corners. The tippet, which appears as part of the early costume of certain doctors, was probably, like the judges’ tippet, originally the shoulder-cape forming part of the same garment as the hood. Clark and others would derive it from the (q.v.), but do not seem to show any definite grounds for so doing. Its place seems to have been taken by the scarf Worn by D.D.’s, &c., probably developed from the hood with long liripipe as worn turban wise on the head or as a scarf round the shoulders. It seems rather far-fetched to derive the scarf from the two pendants of the almuce. (See article and cp. the mayor’s scarf mentioned above.)

Academic dress underwent much inquiry and some revision at the time of the Reformation, chiefly in the direction of sobriety and uniformity, “excess of apparel” being repressed as severely as ever, but not with much more effect. Burleigh’s letter to the Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge University (1585), and the statutes of Queen Elizabeth, strictly enforce the wearing of cap and gown by all, and hoods and habits by those entitled to wear them, and similar regulations were made for Oxford by Laud’s statutes of 1633, further details being dealt with by a decree of 1770. Academic dress during the 17th century may be further studied in Bedel Buck’s book (1665, see Appendix B. to Peacock, Observations on the Statutes of the University of Cambridge), and Loggan’s plates of academic costume in Oxonia Illustrata (1675) and Cantabrigia Illustrata (1690, ed. J. W. Clark, 1905).

There have been few far-reaching changes since Loggan’s day. Cambridge has of late years inquired into and revised her regulations as to dress, and in the Ordinances (latest ed. 1908, Statute A, cap. VII. p. 303) clear rules are laid down; the 'Oxford regulations (see Statuta et Decreta Univ. Oxon.